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        Indian Laws

        Article 20 - Protection in respect of conviction for offences

        Constitution of India
        Chapter III
        FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

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        Protection against retrospective penal laws prevents conviction or heavier punishment for acts not illegal when committed. Three core safeguards restrict criminal liability: prohibition of retrospective penal laws preventing conviction or heavier punishment than applicable when the act occurred; the principle of double jeopardy barring prosecution and punishment more than once for the same offence; and the privilege against self-incrimination preventing compulsion of an accused to be a witness against themselves.
                        Cases where this provision is explicitly mentioned in the judgment/order text; may not be exhaustive. To view the complete list of cases mentioning this section, Click here.
                        Provisions expressly mentioned in the judgment/order text.

                            Protection against retrospective penal laws prevents conviction or heavier punishment for acts not illegal when committed.

                            Three core safeguards restrict criminal liability: prohibition of retrospective penal laws preventing conviction or heavier punishment than applicable when the act occurred; the principle of double jeopardy barring prosecution and punishment more than once for the same offence; and the privilege against self-incrimination preventing compulsion of an accused to be a witness against themselves.


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