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of <h1>Section 23 Contract Act limits 'immorality' to sexual misconduct, not broader moral concepts per Gherulal Parekh ruling</h1> The Supreme Court in Gherulal Parekh v. Mahadeo Dass Maiya established that 'immorality' under Section 23 of the Contract Act has a restricted meaning, confined primarily to sexual immorality rather than broader moral concepts. The Court rejected attempts to import Hindu law concepts of immorality into contract law, emphasizing that the provision is inspired by English common law. The judgment clarified that while 'immoral' is comprehensive in ordinary usage, legal interpretation limits it to sexual misconduct including concubinage, prostitution-related agreements, and illicit cohabitation contracts. The Court noted that morality standards vary by time, place, and civilization, making universal standards impractical for legal application.
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