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of <h1>Force majeure extends beyond natural disasters to include strikes and breakdowns under Sections 32 and 56 of Indian Contract Act</h1> Force majeure encompasses circumstances beyond a party's control, extending broader than the Latin 'vis major' to include strikes and machinery breakdowns. Courts interpret these clauses narrowly, governed by Sections 32 and 56 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. When contracts contain express force majeure provisions, Section 32 applies rather than Section 56's frustration doctrine. In legislative contexts, courts avoid testing subjective satisfaction of legislative bodies regarding force majeure justifications, maintaining separation of powers. The term includes periods without formal lockdowns but where activities remain disrupted under disaster management laws, protecting performing parties from uncontrollable circumstances.
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