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of <h1>Administrative authorities must ensure penalties match offenses under proportionality doctrine preventing excessive measures</h1> The doctrine of proportionality is a well-established principle in Indian administrative law that allows courts to review administrative actions for reasonableness and fairness. The doctrine requires that actions taken by authorities maintain a reasonable relationship between objectives and means used, preventing excessive or disproportionate measures. Courts apply balancing and necessity tests to scrutinize penalties or rights infringements. The principle prohibits using extreme measures when lesser alternatives suffice, exemplified by the maxim 'where paring knife suffices, battle axe is precluded.' Indian courts have consistently applied this doctrine to prevent arbitrary, unreasonable, or unduly harsh administrative decisions, ensuring punishment fits the offense and preventing abuse of discretionary powers by administrative authorities.
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