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of <h1>Proportionality test balances fundamental rights against government actions using necessity and balancing components</h1> The proportionality test is a legal principle used by courts to evaluate whether governmental actions or decisions that infringe upon fundamental rights are justified. The test involves two components: a balancing test that examines whether penalties or rights infringements are excessive and whether there is a manifest imbalance in considering relevant factors, and a necessity test requiring that any rights infringement use the least restrictive alternative available. Courts apply this principle to determine if a decision overriding fundamental rights has sufficient objective justification, focusing on how decision-makers prioritize competing interests and whether their approach represents a proportionate response to the aims pursued.
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