Criminal conspiracy: agreement to do illegal acts or lawful acts by illegal means creates liability when acted upon. An agreement between two or more persons with a common object to do an illegal act or to do a lawful act by illegal means is criminal conspiracy; where the agreement is solely to commit an offence, liability requires that one or more parties perform some act in furtherance of the agreement. The punishment regime aligns conspiracy liability with the gravity of the intended offence: conspiracies to commit more serious offences are treated as abetment where no specific penalty is provided, while conspiracies to commit lesser offences attract limited imprisonment, fine, or both.