Commencement of anti-dumping duty: effective on Gazette publication, with exceptions for provisional imposition and limited retrospective levy. Anti-dumping duty ordinarily takes effect from publication in the Official Gazette. If a provisional duty was imposed and the designated authority later issues a final finding of injury or threat (with a finding that absence of provisional duty would have led to injury), definitive duty may be levied from the provisional imposition date. Statutory provisions permit a limited retrospective levy from a date preceding provisional imposition where conditions are met, subject to safeguards that bar retrospective duty on imports entered before investigation initiation or before breach of a price undertaking, though violation may cause provisional duty to be treated as effective from the date of violation.