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            Cases where this provision is explicitly mentioned in the judgment/order text; may not be exhaustive. To view the complete list of cases mentioning this section, Click here.

            Provisions expressly mentioned in the judgment/order text.

            <h1>Understanding Proportionality: A Four-Step Analysis for Evaluating Restrictions on Fundamental Rights</h1> The test of proportionality, as examined in various legal cases, involves a four-step analysis to evaluate restrictions on fundamental rights. The steps include assessing the legitimacy of the aim, the rational connection between the restriction and the aim, the necessity of the restriction, and the balance between rights and public purpose. The test has been adapted in different jurisdictions, with variations in its application. Courts emphasize empirical data and evidence in the balancing stage to objectively evaluate conflicting values. This approach ensures a comprehensive assessment of rights and restrictions, optimizing them to their fullest extent.

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