Dividend taxation and deemed dividend rules cover investor-level tax, inter-corporate deduction, and buy-back treatment. Dividend income is taxed under the traditional investor-level method, and dividend includes distributions of accumulated profits, specified bonus or debenture distributions, liquidation and capital reduction distributions, deemed dividend arising from loans or advances to significant shareholders or related concerns, and buy-back payments by a company for its own shares. The material also states that a domestic company may obtain a deduction for inter-corporate dividend if the dividend is redistributed within the prescribed time and the deduction does not exceed the dividend distributed. Earlier dividend distribution tax rules and historical dividend tax rates are noted as background.