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of <h1>Exploring Legal Standards: Comparing Germany's 4-Stage Proportionality Model vs. Canada's 3-Stage Approach</h1> The document discusses the standards of proportionality and alternative models used in legal adjudication, focusing on the balance between rules and principles. It outlines two main models of proportionality: a four-stage model incorporating a balancing stage and a three-stage model without it. The four-stage model, used in Germany, involves weighing competing principles, while the three-stage model, preferred in Canada, limits judicial discretion by focusing on necessity and rational connection. Other models like the means-ends test, calibrated scrutiny, strict scrutiny, and Wednesbury unreasonableness are also examined, highlighting their application in various jurisdictions and the criticisms they face.
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