Financial instrument classification under Ind AS 109 directs measurement by business model and cash flow characteristics, altering recognition and valuation approaches. ICDS VIII applies to securities held as stock in trade and mandates initial recognition at actual cost including acquisition charges, with year end valuation at cost or net realisable value category wise and FIFO where cost cannot be identified. AS 13 separates long term (cost less other than temporary diminution) and current investments (lower of cost and fair value). Ind AS 109 requires initial fair value measurement, classifies assets by business model and contractual cash flows into amortised cost, FVTOCI or FVTPL, and permits irrevocable designation to avoid accounting mismatches.