Shareholding limits for information utilities restrict private ownership, with limited institutional and time-bound exceptions. Shareholding in an information utility is capped so that no person, alone or with persons acting in concert, may hold more than ten percent of paid-up equity or voting power, while certain institutional investors may hold up to twenty-five percent. Transitional relief permits holdings up to fifty-one percent for up to three years from registration, and up to full ownership by qualifying Indian companies, provided the utility was registered before the stated cut-off; Central and State Government holdings are exempt.