Pricing guidelines for foreign investment set minimum and maximum pricing rules for cross-border equity issuances and transfers. Pricing rules set floor and ceiling requirements for cross-border equity issuances and transfers: listed-company pricing follows securities-market benchmarks, unlisted-company transactions require arm's-length valuation certified by a qualified professional, convertible instruments require upfront price or conversion formula with conversion not below issuance fair value, swaps need external banker valuation, and investments at memorandum subscription may be at face value subject to entry-route and sectoral caps; a non-resident investor is not guaranteed an assured exit price.