Adjudication of penalties under Companies Act establishes a rulemaking framework for government notification and commencement procedures. The Central Government, exercising powers under section 454 read with section 469 of the Companies Act, notified the Companies (Adjudication of Penalties) Rules, 2014, designating their short title and declaring their commencement date, thereby bringing into force the statutory rulemaking instrument governing adjudication procedures for penalties under the Act.