Privity of contract prevents a creditor from enforcing a purchaser's promise in an absolute conveyance to discharge the vendors' debts unless the arrangement creates a trust or identifies a fund for the creditor. A personal covenant forming consideration for the sale, without property, sale proceeds, or an earmarked fund, creates no enforceable trust for the creditor; the vendors retain enforcement rights. For joint contractors, payment by one contractor does not extend limitation against another who neither made nor authorised it. A claim against a non-paying co-contractor is therefore time-barred when that contractor's own last payment falls outside the limitation period.

Joining time may be granted to employees transferred to a different centre and is capped at seven days, excluding entitled journey time. Pay and allowances during joining time remain equal to those drawn in the previous post. Unavailed or service-curtailed joining time may be converted into Special Casual Leave or credited to the Ordinary Leave account. Failure to report within the allowed joining time constitutes a breach of the applicable service regulation.

Study leave may be sanctioned to a whole-time employee for upgrading knowledge and skills in relevant fields, for up to twenty-four months during the employee's entire service. Eligibility requires at least three years of continuous service. Study leave may be combined with other leave, subject to an aggregate absence limit excluding extraordinary leave. An employee granted study leave may be required to execute a bond to serve for a specified period after the leave expires.

Special leave may be granted for private affairs up to the prescribed cumulative service limit, subject to restrictions where ordinary leave is available. It may be granted for prolonged-treatment illness where ordinary and sick leave are unavailable and no other leave is admissible. Non-medical special leave does not count for increment or seniority. Quarantine absence may be treated as ordinary, sick or special leave if otherwise permissible. Special leave is paid at half leave pay, reducing after six months unless specially sanctioned.

Extraordinary leave may be granted when no other leave is due and sick or special leave is not justified, subject to prescribed limits. It may be combined with other admissible leave or used to retrospectively regularise unauthorised absence. The leave is unpaid and ordinarily does not count for increments. Where illness or extraordinary circumstances beyond the employee's control justify the absence, the prescribed limits may be exceeded and the period may count for increments.

Accident leave may be granted for injuries sustained during duty performance or official travel connected with the Authority's work, subject to medical certification of the recovery period. A registered medical practitioner's certificate may be accepted if the Authority's Medical Officer is unavailable. At the employee's option, other admissible leave may be granted in combination with or following accident leave. Leave pay applies for the first four months, followed by half leave pay for the remaining period.

Paternity leave is available to eligible male natural fathers with fewer than two surviving children for 15 days per child around childbirth, and to adoptive fathers within six months of legal adoption. A 15-day entitlement also applies where fatherhood results from surrogacy, within six months after custody is given. Leave pay is payable, leave may be combined except with Casual Leave and Special Casual Leave, and the leave must ordinarily be taken at one time.

Maternity leave for female employees is available on full leave pay for up to 180 days at one time, subject to an overall service ceiling of 360 days. Hysterectomy-related leave and medically certified miscarriage or abortion leave fall within that ceiling. Eligible commissioning mothers and employees adopting a child below one year may receive maternity leave from the date custody of the child is given, subject to applicable conditions and documentation.

Sick leave accrues at twenty days per year of service, subject to a cumulative ceiling, and ordinarily requires a medical certificate unless the leave does not exceed three days. It is generally available on half pay. After three years of service, an employee may seek full-pay sick leave within the prescribed aggregate limit, with full-pay leave debited at twice the period taken. Leave is credited half-yearly, cannot be taken for a half day, and first-year pro-rata leave requires prior permission.

Ordinary leave encashment may be permitted once in each calendar year for between ten and thirty days, provided the employee retains at least 180 days of ordinary leave after encashment. For employees with more than eight years of total service who did not join through direct recruitment in Grade A or as Multi-Tasking Staff, the required post-encashment balance is reduced to 90 days. Cash equivalent of unavailed ordinary leave may also be granted upon death in service or complete and permanent medical incapacity.

Ordinary leave accrues at 30 days annually, credited in 15-day instalments every half year, and is capped at 300 days. When the balance reaches 286 days or more, the next credit is held in an additional account and leave taken during that half year is deducted from it. Leave exceeding the ceiling lapses at the relevant half-year end. Accrual stops during continuous non-casual leave exceeding six months, while proportionate credits apply for shorter service. Ordinary leave normally requires a minimum five-day period, advance application, and pay equal to leave pay.

Special hardship leave is available to eligible employees for family-care or health purposes, subject to prior approval and discretionary assessment of administrative exigencies and individual merits. It is limited to an aggregate maximum of two years during service and is generally without pay, perquisites, and allowances, except house allowance and eligible medical-treatment claims in India. The leave cannot be used to avoid transfer, posting, or placement. Resignation or voluntary retirement may result in compensation or recovery obligations, while outside trade, employment, business, or profession may lead to cancellation and recall.

Special casual leave may be granted for quarantine, duty-related injury supported by medical evidence, civil-defence duties, exceptional circumstances, and specified family-planning procedures. Except for exceptional-circumstance leave, combined casual and special casual leave is capped at 45 days annually, with public holidays excluded from calculation. Family-planning leave may be combined with leave other than casual leave. Persons with benchmark disabilities may receive annual special casual leave for disability-related programmes and disability-specific requirements, subject to work exigencies, approval, and applicable conditions.

Casual leave is limited to twelve working days per calendar year, subject to minimum and maximum periods for each spell. It cannot be combined with other leave except special casual leave, and public holidays cannot extend continuous absence beyond the prescribed limit without conversion of the entire absence into Ordinary Leave. Leave is credited annually or on a pro-rata basis, requires prior sanction or timely intimation, and excess leave on retirement or resignation is adjusted against Ordinary Leave or dues. Half of unused leave is credited to Ordinary Leave at year end.

Leave eligibility during suspension and disciplinary proceedings is restricted. Leave may not be granted to an employee who is under suspension or against whom disciplinary proceedings are pending.

Medical fitness certification may be required before resumption of duty where an employee has taken medical leave exceeding three days. The Competent Authority holds discretion to require a certificate of fitness even if the medical leave was neither supported by nor granted upon a medical certificate. This condition applies to return from medical-ground leave.

Employees returning from leave must ordinarily resume duty at the station where they were posted immediately before commencing leave. They may be required to report at another station where a specific contrary instruction directs a different reporting location.

Before commencing leave, an employee must intimate the Competent Authority of the locations at which she will be present and provide contact details. Any change to a previously furnished location must be communicated. Location denotes a broad geographical area, namely a state for travel within India or a country for travel outside India.

Employee leave commences on the first working day immediately after the last working day on which the employee reported for duty. Leave terminates on the working day immediately before the employee resumes duty after returning from leave. The applicable starting and ending points are tied to the working days surrounding the employee's duty status.

Leave is not claimable as a matter of right. The Competent Authority may refuse or revoke any category of leave and recall an employee on leave due to work exigencies or in the Authority's interest. An employee may resume duty before expiry of sanctioned leave by intimating the Competent Authority. Unless specifically preserved, leave credited to an employee lapses on cessation of service.