Employee-welfare payments to educational institutions and club...

Employee-welfare payments to educational institutions and club expenditure were treated as business expenditure where incurred wholly and exclusively for business purposes. Enabling-facility costs were characterised as revenue expenditure because no capital asset was acquired. Receipts directly connected with setting up a plant were treated as capital receipts reducible from capital work-in-progress. Depreciation on business vehicles and temporary structures was allowed, while a challenge based on additional depreciation was treated as misconceived because the relief concerned consequential differential depreciation. Bad debts, advances and claims written off were allowable. Premium amortisation on foreign-exchange forward contracts used for hedging was non-speculative, not contingent or notional. Mineral-oil exploration and drilling survey expenditure qualified for deduction under the production-sharing contract framework.