Secondary evidence becomes admissible when originals are unavailable, admitted, public, certified, immovable, or too numerous for convenient examination.

Secondary evidence may establish a document's contents where the original is withheld after required notice, destroyed, lost, unavailable without the offering party's fault, or not easily movable. Written admissions are admissible where the original's existence, condition, or contents are admitted in writing. Certified copies alone may prove public documents or documents legally provable by certified copy. Where numerous accounts or documents cannot conveniently be examined, a skilled examiner may prove their general result.

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