<h1>Household air pollution: prioritise clean cooking transitions to cut ambient PM2.5 and protect vulnerable communities.</h1> Household air pollution from biomass fuels is a priority under India's National Clean Air Programme; modest additional investment and inclusive economic measures to enable a transition to clean cooking energy can significantly reduce residential and ambient PM2.5 exposures among poor and marginalised communities. Technological options exist, but their public-health benefits depend on affordability, stakeholder engagement, and strengthened monitoring. Underutilised pollution-control budget allocations and administrative roadblocks must be addressed to prioritise monitoring and evaluate NCAP effectiveness.