Embedded Wi-Fi, cellular communication and navigation/positioning modules that cannot operate independently are treated as parts rather than complete communication apparatus. Where designed solely or principally for use with data-transmission or reception apparatus, Section Note 2(b) to Section XVI supports classification under Tariff Item 8517 79 90. The specific classification for communication-apparatus parts prevails over the general classification for electronic integrated circuits; modules that are neither aerials nor populated printed circuit boards fall within the residual parts entry. Modules not forming parts of cellular mobile phones or wrist-wearable devices, or inputs for making those excluded parts, qualify for nil basic customs duty subject to prescribed conditions, procedures and import verification.

Membership thresholds for oppression and mismanagement proceedings in a company without share capital may be met through written consents exceeding one-fifth of eligible voting members where the voter list underlying those consents remains unchallenged. A later precautionary waiver application does not render the petition incompetent once the threshold is independently satisfied. A party alleging that consents are forged or invalid bears the burden of proof and cannot require suo motu forensic verification without supporting material or testimony. The membership requirement operates as a discretionary safeguard against frivolous proceedings, warrants purposive construction, and does not permit merits-based adjudication at the waiver stage.

Fraudulent portrayal of debt, a jurisdictional fact for commencing CIRP, can justify recall of admission and dismissal of a collusive Section 9 application because fraud and collusion undermine the foundation of jurisdiction. Once admitted, however, CIRP becomes a collective in rem process in which creditors acquire statutory interests; misconduct by the original applicant does not automatically require termination. The original applicant must be excluded, while the Adjudicating Authority assesses, after hearing the resolution professional, Committee of Creditors and stakeholders, whether continuation serves statutory objectives with integrity and transparency. Termination was set aside and CIRP restored for that determination.

Section 33(1)(a) requires liquidation when the CIRP expires without a resolution plan submitted under Section 30(6) or a valid extension. This consequence operates independently of liquidation initiated through a Committee of Creditors resolution under Section 33(2); failure of that separate proposal to receive the required vote does not prevent liquidation. The Committee's commercial wisdom remains subject to statutory CIRP timelines and cannot revive an expired process. Post-expiry directions, later expressions of interest, and MSME eligibility cannot replace a resolution plan submitted and processed within the prescribed period.

Further investigation under the PMLA is a continuation of the original investigation, not a re-investigation, and may bring additional oral or documentary evidence on record. Explanation (ii) to section 44(1) recognises the authorised agency's continuing power to undertake such investigation. The proviso to section 193 of the BNSS requires prior permission of the Criminal Court only during trial, which commences upon framing of charge. Where charges have not been framed, further investigation may therefore proceed without prior leave of the Court, including through investigative notices.

Appellate review of a regular-bail order under the PMLA is confined to whether the grant was illegal, perverse, arbitrary, based on irrelevant material, or made without considering relevant factors; it is distinct from cancellation of bail based on post-bail conduct or supervening circumstances. Bail-stage review cannot involve a detailed adjudication of evidence. The High Court found that the Special Court had considered the alleged proceeds of crime, the trial's non-commencement, and bail conditions, demonstrating application of mind. It dismissed the challenge because the alleged failure to satisfy the statutory twin conditions did not establish grounds to set aside the bail order.

Release of bank-mortgaged property from PMLA attachment depends on the creditor's bona fide status and due diligence at loan disbursal and recovery. Assets linked to the accused, relatives or associates may be attached as value of proceeds of crime even without direct crime proceeds. Recovery inaction after account irregularity, fund flows involving the cooperative society, and prior associations warranted further investigation; release was therefore declined, subject to recourse before the Special Judge. RBI guidance on NPA treatment for facilities secured by a borrower's own deposits did not apply to overdrafts secured by third-party fixed deposits, including one funded by the society.

Government grants-in-aid do not constitute consideration for Business Exhibition Service where agreements impose only utilisation and accounting conditions, without an obligation to provide services, invoices, or quid pro quo. As reimbursement of specified expenditure, they fall outside taxable value, which is confined to amounts charged for taxable services; the related demand was set aside. Extended limitation cannot apply where grants and expenditure were recorded, the taxpayer paid tax on other services, and a bona fide belief of non-taxability negated suppression with intent to evade. Reverse-charge demands were likewise time-barred because recorded liabilities were revenue neutral through available Cenvat credit.

Electronic records used to establish clandestine manufacture and clearance require compliance with prescribed statutory conditions, including the requisite certificate; without it, CD data and computer printouts are inadmissible and cannot determine unaccounted production or removals. Duty demands founded on excluded electronic data require fresh quantification solely from independently admissible evidence. Cross-examination of investigation witnesses is not absolute: unretracted statements may be considered where no evidence of coercion or witness-specific prejudice from denial of cross-examination is shown. Such statements, together with invoices, transport, weighment and statutory records, may support independently established transactions, while interest and penalties must be redetermined with any duty liability ultimately found.

Clandestine manufacture and clearance allegations require sufficient tangible evidence establishing a reliable chain from unaccounted inputs and production to transport, buyers and receipt of sale proceeds. Loose handwritten sheets, WhatsApp printouts, Tally data and transporter records maintained or recovered from third parties cannot substantiate a demand unless their authorship, provenance, custody, preservation, integrity and nexus with the manufacturer are proved. Unretracted statements showing a marketing or distribution connection do not remedy defects in electronic evidence. Inferences drawn through assumed material consumption, manufacture and removal are impermissible successive presumptions. Unverified records may justify further investigation but cannot, without independent corroboration, sustain duty, interest or penalties.

Batter-coated, deep-fried Tasty Peanuts containing gram flour, salt and spices constitute a distinct food preparation classified under the food-preparation tariff entry, attracting the stated exemption. Oil-fried Salted Peanuts with salt alone remain within the specific ground-nut entry because it expressly covers nuts roasted in oil or fat with salt, flavours or spices; their exemption is unavailable. ISD-distributed CENVAT credit is available to an authorised contract manufacturing unit producing dutiable goods for the principal, with subsequent amendments curing the earlier lacuna from inception. Penalties do not arise from bona fide tariff-classification and CENVAT-credit interpretation disputes without fraud, suppression, collusion, wilful intent to evade duty or mens rea.

Statutory demand notice sent by registered post to the drawer's correct address is deemed served under a rebuttable presumption, even if received by the drawer's mother; giving notice does not require the drawer's personal receipt. The drawer must rebut service by proving an incorrect address, non-delivery at that address, or lack of knowledge. Where the address was undisputed and used for summons and proceedings, the presumption remained unrebutted, the notice requirement was met, and the conviction was restored. A coordinate-Bench ruling treating receipt by a spouse as invalid service was per incuriam for disregarding binding larger-Bench authority and lacked binding force under Article 141.

Arbitral sittings at Cuttack, chosen merely for the arbitrator's convenience, constituted a venue rather than the juridical seat and did not give Cuttack courts supervisory jurisdiction. An arbitrator's appointment by a High Court exercising statewide jurisdiction did not confine jurisdiction to courts at its location or trigger exclusive jurisdiction under Section 42 on that basis. The contractual forum clause made the District Judge where the work was executed competent to hear applications to set aside the award. Applications filed within the prescribed three-month period were not time-barred.

Judicial review of closure of a disciplinary complaint concerning alleged unauthorised access to and alteration of an income-tax account is confined to examining the legality of the decision-making process. Writ jurisdiction does not permit reappreciation of evidence or substitution of the disciplinary authority's view. The absence of a fiduciary relationship did not itself exclude misconduct, but was material where the prima facie view assumed that the Chartered Accountant was the petitioner's tax consultant, which both denied. The closure rested on lack of cogent evidence of mala fide intent or deliberate facilitation, rather than merely pending criminal proceedings; the writ petition was dismissed.

Business loss declared in a return filed after the due date is ordinarily ineligible for carry-forward. Condonation of delay under section 119(2)(b) must first be sought by establishing genuine cause, the genuineness of the loss, supporting records, and absence of tax-avoidance motive. If condonation makes the loss eligible, firm-to-company succession must satisfy applicable loss-transfer conditions, including transfer of business assets and liabilities, prescribed partner shareholding, share-only consideration, and voting-power continuity.

Input tax credit objections based on e-way-bill and purchase comparisons require separate examination of e-way-bill compliance and ITC eligibility conditions. A response should establish genuine purchases through tax invoices, receipt of goods, books, banking-channel payments, GSTR-3B records, supplier reporting, and tax payment. It should seek identification of the specific ITC condition allegedly breached and provide invoice-wise reconciliation, including supplier-generated e-way-bill data and explanations for consignments below the applicable threshold.

Delayed furnishing of Form 10DA may lead to disallowance of an employment-linked deduction during return processing, despite filing the return within an extended due date. Rectification may be sought with proof of the form's upload, acceptance or verification, and substantive eligibility. The appellate remedy should also be preserved within limitation, as rectification alone may not provide complete protection. Material dates include the accountant's upload, taxpayer verification, return filing, and processing intimation.

Minimum Import Price (MIP) of INR 67,220 per metric tonne on the CIF value of imports of Virgin Multi-layer Paper Board under specified Chapter 48 ITC (HS) codes is extended until 31 March 2027. The extension retains all other terms and conditions set out in the earlier MIP notification, continuing the import-price condition for the listed paper-board products.

The RoDTEP Scheme continues until 31 December 2026 for eligible exports made by Domestic Tariff Area units, Advance Authorisation holders, Special Economic Zone units and Export Oriented Units. Existing RoDTEP rates and value caps applicable on 30 September 2026 remain unchanged throughout the extended period. All other scheme terms and conditions also continue without modification, preserving duty and tax remission benefits for qualifying exports within the stated categories.

Recognition of BSE Clearing Limited as a clearing corporation is renewed for three years from 3 October 2026 to 2 October 2029 under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) framework. The renewal is subject to compliance with conditions specified by SEBI from time to time, preserving ongoing regulatory oversight of the clearing corporation throughout the renewed recognition period.