Interest income earned by a co-operative society from deposits maintained with a commercial bank is eligible for deduction under section 80P of the Income-tax Act, 1961. The statutory framework applicable to co-operative societies supports deduction of such interest income, making disallowance of the claimed deduction unsustainable. The deduction therefore extends to interest income arising from commercial-bank deposits.

The statutory moratorium triggered by admission into Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process bars the institution or continuation of proceedings against the corporate debtor. The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 prevails over the Income-tax Act, 1961 through its overriding provision. Consequently, a revenue appeal against a corporate debtor cannot be maintained or proceeded with while the moratorium remains in force.

Failure to file a self-certified copy of the challenged order is a curable procedural defect, not an independent basis for dismissing an appeal. The assessee must receive an opportunity to rectify the omission before the appeal is rejected. On curing the defect, the appeal should be considered on its merits, ensuring that procedural non-compliance does not foreclose substantive appellate review.

Transfer of land development rights by landowners to a developer is characterised as transfer of an ownership interest in immovable property rather than a taxable service. Development rights permit the developer to develop land, sell developed property with an undivided interest in the land, and receive purchaser consideration. As benefits arising from land, their transfer falls within the exclusion for transfer of title in immovable property; consequently, no service tax is payable.

Input tax credit is considered for design-engineering services and architectural drawings used to construct an IT room in a manufacturing plant. The issue is whether the civil-construction nexus affects credit availability. Eligibility requires identification of the relevant input services and inputs. A stated view is that credit should not be denied where an architect supplies IT-room design services to a building contractor or company, subject to the perceived facts and scope of supply.

Scheduled infrastructure maintenance will temporarily affect GST e-Invoice data retrieval and processing from IRPs, automatic population of e-Invoice data in GSTR-1, and e-Invoice JSON downloads through the portal and application programming interfaces. Taxpayers and other stakeholders should plan related activities around the maintenance period, with services expected to resume upon completion.

Section 13 of the Commercial Courts Act confines appeals in commercial matters to decrees, orders expressly listed in Order XLIII Rule 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure, and orders appealable under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act. Conditional leave to defend under Order XXXVII Rule 3 is an order, not a decree, and is not included among the specified appealable orders. The 2018 substitution of "decision" with "judgment or order" did not expand appellate jurisdiction. Clause 15 of the Letters Patent is also unavailable for commercial suits, so conditional leave orders cannot be appealed.

Comprehensive trade agreements are treated as instruments of global economic integration rather than tariff-reduction arrangements alone. Their scope includes preferential market access, protection of sensitive sectors, access to high-technology products, services, investment, skill development, technology partnerships and climate cooperation. Agreements are to be shaped through stakeholder consultations and preserve defensive interests while reflecting comparative advantage, competitiveness and complementary trade relationships. Innovation requires collaboration between public institutions, private enterprise and academia, with government functioning as a facilitator and catalyst for private-sector-led innovation.

Sections 120 and 168 of the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 make monetary-limit directions binding within the Central tax hierarchy, while they regulate the executive decision to file rather than create an inflexible jurisdictional bar before the Tribunal. In a composite order disposing of multiple appeals or demand notices, the relevant amount is the total disputed tax, interest, penalty or late fee, as applicable. The recurring or interpretative-issue exclusion requires a reasoned, case-specific basis, and Commissioner authorisation does not itself establish compliance with the litigation policy.

Alleged re-use of invoices and e-way bills requires the seizing authority to establish through positive, corroborated evidence that the intercepted goods are the same consignment previously transported under those documents. Toll data, vehicle movements and photographs may justify inquiry but do not alone prove prior delivery, identity of goods or re-use. Where invoices and e-way bills accompany the goods and physical verification shows no discrepancy, the authority must investigate and address any explanation of a different earlier consignment. Cases involving absent or expired transport documents remain factually distinct.

Under Rule 89(4), invoice values for goods invoiced before or at removal for export under bond or Letter of Undertaking may be included in zero-rated turnover for the relevant refund period, although physical export occurs later. The invoice and removal determine period-wise attribution for the refund formula, while actual export remains essential to sustain the claim. Shipping bills, bills of export and related export records must correlate with the export invoices to establish that the goods were ultimately exported. Compliance with valuation, input tax credit eligibility and bond or Letter of Undertaking conditions remains necessary.

Anti-dumping duty on titanium dioxide imports from China PR is limited to specified end uses, while goods intended for food, pharmaceutical, skin-care, textile, fibre, nano or ultrafine applications are excluded. Importers claiming exclusion must submit an electronic Bill of Entry declaration and undertake to pay duty and interest if goods are diverted to non-excluded uses. Diversion permits recovery of anti-dumping duty, differential duty and interest from the importer.

Under the pre-amendment Section 148 framework, reassessment jurisdiction must be resolved before merits-stage scrutiny begins. The Assessing Officer must furnish recorded reasons when requested, permit objections, and decide them through a separate speaking order. A Section 143(2) notice commences scrutiny, while a Section 142(1) notice is a substantive inquiry step; neither may issue before objections are decided. Following rejection, a four-week period from service of the speaking order must be allowed before further reassessment action, preserving an effective opportunity to challenge reopening.

Macroeconomic resilience rests on credible monetary, fiscal and financial-policy frameworks, financial cushions, adaptable trade and energy arrangements, and AI-related investment, but remains vulnerable to conflict, commodity and food shocks, AI asset repricing, public debt and higher borrowing costs. India's position is attributed to a large diversified domestic economy, flexible inflation targeting, fiscal consolidation, GST, stronger banking regulation and timely shock management. Monetary policy must contain second-round inflation effects, while fiscal prudence, capital and liquidity buffers, stress testing and macroprudential safeguards support financial stability.

Effective from 1 November 2026, the customs duty, IGST and compensation cess schedule for imported goods is amended by removing Table I serial number 198 and Lists 13, 14 and 15. Table II serial number 36 is revised to apply to tariff heading 8906. The entry covering parts, sub-assemblies, spares, accessories, tools, testing equipment and literature for specified artillery weapons, rifles, aircraft and missiles is revised to exclude listed defence equipment. That entry will cease to have effect on or after 1 July 2029.

Concessionaires operating under Toll-Operate-Transfer concession agreements must pay integrated tax on operation and maintenance services supplied to the concessioning authority based on amounts charged or debited from the designated escrow account towards operation and maintenance expenses. Tax becomes payable in the tax period in which the relevant expenditure is charged or debited to that account. The procedure applies where the concessionaire has exclusive toll collection rights, must operate and maintain the road or highway during the concession period, and pays the concession fee upfront. It takes effect from 1 November 2026.

Registered concessionaires under Toll-Operate-Transfer concession agreements must pay Union Territory tax on operation and maintenance services supplied to concessioning authorities during the concession period. Tax is payable in the tax period when operation and maintenance expenditure is charged or debited to the escrow account maintained under the agreement. The arrangement covers agreements granting exclusive toll collection and appropriation rights for a road or highway, requiring upfront concession fees and operation and maintenance obligations. It takes effect on 1 November 2026.

Tonnage tax business comprises the operation of qualifying ships that produces relevant shipping income. Qualifying-ship operations yielding such income are treated as a separate business of the company, distinct from its other activities or businesses.

Electronic commerce operators must pay GST on intra-State supplies of delivery services other than postal and courier services, subject to a revised exclusion. The operator is not liable where the delivery-service supplier using the electronic commerce operator is required to register under the CGST Act's regular registration provision. This substitution of clause (v) in Notification No. 17/2017-Central Tax (Rate) takes effect from 1 November 2026.

Inter-State delivery services, excluding postal and courier services, are included among services for which an electronic commerce operator must pay tax. This treatment does not apply where the supplier providing delivery services through the operator is liable for registration under the specified IGST and CGST registration provisions. The substituted clause takes effect on 1 November 2026.