Discounted cash flow valuation remains taxpayer-selected under prescribed rules, while tax scrutiny must identify specific valuation-date defects.
The taxpayer may elect a prescribed DCF valuation for unquoted equity shares, and scrutiny of that method does not permit substitution with Net Asset Value merely because it produces a lower fair market value. The Assessing Officer may examine projections, discount rates, terminal assumptions, computations and source data, but rejection requires demonstrably wrong facts, material errors, a wholly erroneous basis or objectively unsupported assumptions. Subsequent financial performance cannot alone invalidate a bona fide DCF valuation; the relevant inquiry remains the reasonableness of valuation-date information.

Excess IGST on exports remains refundable when later correction triggers automated refund and reconciliation proves duplicate payment.
Refund of excess IGST paid on zero-rated exports may arise where turnover and tax are mistakenly entered under non-zero-rated supplies in FORM GSTR-3B while export invoices and shipping bills are correctly reported in FORM GSTR-1. If the exporter then pays the same IGST in the correct zero-rated field and the automated refund is credited against that later payment, the earlier payment remains a separately identifiable potential excess; its claim is not a repeat request for the same export-tax refund.

GST registration revocation requires timely application, return compliance, payment of dues, and a reasoned statutory decision.
GST registration revocation after cancellation for return default is a conditional, time-bound process. An application under Section 30 and Rule 23 must ordinarily be filed within ninety days, subject to prescribed extension, and cannot be made until pending returns are filed and tax, interest, penalty and late fee are paid. Portal non-acceptance may permit online or physical submission where technically unavailable, but does not condone delay or ensure revocation. The competent authority must assess statutory eligibility, sufficient grounds and compliance while following notice and hearing requirements before rejection.

Reassessment limitation under TOLA requires final notices to issue within surviving time and satisfy statutory safeguards.
Reassessment limitation under TOLA is a jurisdictional restraint. Transitional notices issued between 1 April 2021 and 30 June 2021 are treated as Section 148A(b) show-cause notices, but only the surviving time remaining until 30 June 2021 is available for completing the reassessment process. Periods for supply of material and the assessee's response are excluded, but the Section 148A(d) decision, statutory approval and final Section 148 notice must issue within the remaining period. For Assessment Year 2015-16, post-1 April 2021 notices are treated as time-barred.

Unseized food consignments cannot face indefinite detention without lawful seizure, valid sampling, and prompt assessment.
Provisional release of an unseized imported food consignment is not mechanically governed by Section 110A, which applies to goods seized under Section 110. Customs may examine, test, verify and reassess imports, but indefinite retention without a seizure memorandum or disclosed reasons connecting the goods with confiscation is not justified. Food sampling should follow the specialised food-safety process through an authorised officer. A valid food-safety report may support conditional clearance, while classification, duty liability, confiscation and adjudication remain open. Revenue may be protected through proportionate security.

Anti-dumping duty recovery permits post-clearance demands and consequential import IGST where self-assessment omitted an applicable levy.
Unpaid anti-dumping duty omitted during self-assessment may be pursued through the customs recovery procedure without prior appellate modification of the self-assessment. The recovery framework applies to anti-dumping duty through statutory incorporation of provisions concerning assessment, non-levy, short-levy, interest and recovery. Where anti-dumping duty is chargeable, it forms part of the aggregate value used to compute IGST on imports, potentially creating a consequential IGST short-payment. Recovery requires accurate assessment of notification coverage, product, origin, rate, valuation, limitation and procedural safeguards.

Project-wise anti-profiteering requires actual input tax credit measurement and area-based allocation of benefits to real-estate purchasers.
Real-estate anti-profiteering under Section 171 requires project-level identification of additional input tax credit and allocation of the saving across total project area on a per-square-foot basis. Purchase value may quantify credit attributable to project expenditure, but turnover or collections cannot serve as the allocation basis. The comparison must use pre-GST credit actually availed rather than merely available credit. GST collected on consideration inflated by an undistributed benefit forms part of the amount not passed on and remains distinct from statutory interest.

Retirement leave encashment exemption applies under the enhanced notified ceiling while preserving non-government employee classification and statutory conditions.
Section 10(10AA)(ii) governs retirement leave-encashment exemption for non-Government employees, subject to the ten-month earned-leave measure, average-salary computation, and the notified monetary ceiling. Notification No. 31/2023 specifies an enhanced ceiling of Rs. 25,00,000, is deemed effective from 1 April 2023, and certifies that retrospective effect causes no adverse effect. The enhanced ceiling is treated as a remedial rationalisation of an existing exemption and may govern pending earlier-period matters, while preserving the distinction between Government and non-Government employees.

Transit GST jurisdiction limits detention penalties for documented inter-State supplies lacking a local taxable nexus.
Transit-State jurisdiction under GST permits interception, document production, e-way bill verification and authorised physical inspection of goods moving through an intermediate State. It does not, in a pure transit movement, support detention-related penalty for an external inter-State supply where origin and destination lie outside the intercepting State, no tax is payable there, and there is no evidence of diversion, local supply, fictitious or mismatched documents, or mismatch of goods. Cross-empowerment is administrative and does not create an independent territorial taxable nexus.

Shareholder ratification cannot cure preferential-issue fund diversion when disclosed objectives are abandoned, triggering securities-market fraud and disclosure concerns.
Post-facto shareholder approval cannot retrospectively validate diversion of preferential-issue proceeds contrary to issue-specific objects disclosed to shareholders and the market. A special resolution authorises the issue but does not permit unrestricted use of proceeds. Periodic deviation reporting, audit-committee review and utilisation disclosures promote transparency; they do not enable diversion followed by later regularisation. Immediate diversion, inadequate commercial justification and missing documentation may indicate that disclosed objects were not genuinely intended to be performed. Later amendment of corporate objects or shareholder ratification cannot cure a completed securities-market disclosure breach.

Cross-border software payments require copyright-right, technical-service, and permanent-establishment analysis before withholding obligations are determined under applicable treaties.
Section 195 requires withholding only from a remittance to a non-resident that includes income chargeable in India. For software, royalty depends on transfer of copyright rights, not merely the right to install, access, use, or distribute a copyrighted article under restrictive terms. Where a DTAA is more beneficial, its royalty and FTS definitions control; treaty FTS may require technology to be made available. Amounts that are neither royalty nor FTS require consideration as business profits, ordinarily taxable only where profits are attributable to a permanent establishment. Composite payments require component-wise allocation and analysis.

Personal GST penalty requires proof that the beneficiary retained benefit and directed a covered invoice or credit transaction.
Section 122(1A) may impose personal GST penalty on a registered or unregistered person only for a covered invoice or input tax credit transaction. Liability requires cumulative proof that the individual retained an identifiable personal benefit and that the transaction was conducted at that person's instance. Directorship, employment, registration, signature authority, or association with the taxable entity neither independently establishes nor excludes liability. Proceedings require transaction-specific and person-specific allegations and findings. The provision operates prospectively for underlying acts or transactions occurring on or after 01.01.2021.

Proof of tenancy rights governs insolvency recovery of corporate-debtor premises from occupants lacking enforceable possessory interests.
Where premises form part of the corporate debtor's assets, Sections 18 and 25 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 require the resolution professional to take custody, control, preservation and protection measures. An occupant resisting recovery must prove a subsisting tenancy, leasehold interest or enforceable licence through reliable evidence of the parties' intended relationship and its essential terms. Permission to stock goods or conduct limited business activity, prolonged occupation, and business or utility records do not independently create rights in the premises. Section 60(5)(c) supports insolvency jurisdiction over asset-recovery measures connected with the insolvency estate.

GST portal service requires statutory validity and practical accessibility before ex parte adjudication can fairly proceed.
GST portal service is a statutory method under Section 169, but its use in an ex parte demand proceeding depends on effective accessibility and a meaningful opportunity to reply and be heard. Rule 142 requires electronic DRC-01 and DRC-07 summaries to operate alongside the underlying show-cause notice and reasoned order. Portal placement, complete communication, e-mail transmission, technical reliability and proof of actual access may determine whether service is effective, whether waiver applies, and whether appellate limitation begins.

TNMM comparability requires consistent operating-cost treatment and FAR-based selection, while search matrices cannot replace evidence-led functional analysis.
TNMM requires consistent computation of operating profit and operating cost for the tested party and comparables. A provision for doubtful debts connected with sales and trade receivables may be an operating expense, as may routine business levies; income-tax on profits remains excluded. A search matrix is a disciplined evidentiary tool, not a statutory bar to an out-of-matrix comparable. Inclusion requires proof of functional fit, filter satisfaction and reasons for its absence, while rejection cannot rest solely on matrix absence. FAR analysis, segmental reliability and material scale differences govern comparability.

Reasonable belief in gold seizure requires recorded objective grounds before the reverse burden for smuggling can arise.
Gold seizure under Section 110 requires the proper officer to hold, before seizure, objectively supportable reasons to believe that goods are liable to confiscation. For gold, Section 123 shifts the burden of disproving smuggling only after a lawful seizure made in reasonable belief that the gold is smuggled. A general panchnama recital, foreign markings, high purity, or an uncorroborated retracted statement cannot alone establish that foundation. Reasons must exist contemporaneously and cannot be supplied retrospectively through later investigation.

Political contribution deductions require proof that payments are genuine, not merely bank transfers, receipts, and recipient registration.
Registration of the recipient political party, non-cash remittance, banking records and donation receipts are necessary evidentiary facts for a political-contribution deduction, but do not conclusively prove a genuine contribution. Where credible material indicates an accommodation-entry arrangement involving return of funds through intermediaries, the claimant must substantiate the transaction and address taxpayer-specific circumstances. General allegations about a recipient cannot alone displace a claim without a sufficient nexus to the taxpayer's own payment. Penalty initiation requires separate determination of under-reporting or misreporting and a reasonable opportunity of hearing.

Estate-limited GST recovery permits post-death assessment of legal representatives while protecting heirs' independent assets after business discontinuance.
Section 93 permits post-death GST determination against a legal representative where a liable person dies. If the business is discontinued, tax, interest and penalty may be recovered only from the deceased's inherited estate and only within its capacity; the heir's independent assets remain outside that limit. Proceedings may be initiated without a pre-death notice, but must be addressed to the legal representative in that capacity, follow the applicable adjudication process, and provide hearing and a reasoned order.

Recorded reasons to believe govern foreign-asset seizure; non-confirmation requires appellate resolution before contradictory adjudication proceeds.
Section 37A permits seizure of equivalent domestic assets only where the authorised officer records written reasons to believe that foreign assets are held in contravention of FEMA. The competent authority must examine the material after hearing both sides and either confirm or set aside seizure. A reasoned non-confirmation based on an absent statutory threshold is substantive on seizure, though it does not finally decide the underlying contravention. Pending appeal, the adjudicating authority cannot displace that finding or adopt a contrary premise; Section 37A(4) applies only to confirmed seizure.

Unstayed tribunal dismissal leaves former directors without corporate authority while banks follow valid company instructions amid management disputes.
Where an oppression and mismanagement petition has been dismissed, a pending appeal without an appellate stay does not itself restore a former director's authority or suspend the dismissal's operative effect. Sections 241 and 242 require statutory prejudice and prescribed Tribunal findings; procedural irregularities in director removal may be relevant but do not alone establish oppression. Banks should ordinarily follow formally authorised company instructions rather than decide unresolved management disputes, unless a binding judicial or statutory restraint applies.