Transnational taxation: cross-border tax rules determine residency, source income and withholding obligations for nonresidents and expatriates.
The article sets out that transnational taxation applies domestic tax rules to cross-border transactions while international customs and treaties shape domestic claims. It explains NRI residency tests and that NRIs and RNORs are taxable on Indian-sourced income. It describes transfer pricing as intercompany pricing that allocates costs and affects profitability. It summarizes the DTAA purpose to allocate taxing rights between source and residence to avoid double taxation. It also states expatriate remuneration for services in India is taxable in India and withholding is computed by converting foreign currency at the prescribed transfer buying rate. (AI Summary)

NRI taxable income: India source capital gains, interest and rent subject to tax and TDS; file return to claim refund.
NRI taxable income comprises India sourced capital gains, interest on term deposits, mutual fund income and rents; foreign sourced income is not taxable in India by default. Withholding tax is levied on such India source receipts and may exceed an NRI's tax liability; filing an income tax return is the mechanism to claim any refund. Standard deductions are generally not available against investment income, and limited statutory exemptions can exempt fully tax free NRIs from filing. (AI Summary)