Registration for Part B concerning NPOs includes provisional registration, provisional approval and approval recognised under the specified income-tax registration and exemption framework, including registration under section 332. It excludes approval relating to the specified donor-deduction regime and approval under section 354.

A registered person who inadvertently filed a NIL refund claim in FORM GST RFD-01A/RFD-01 may seek refund again for the same period by filing under the "Any Other" category with the required supporting documents. For specified unutilised input tax credit refund categories, refiling requires that no subsequent-period refund claim under the same category has been filed. The proper officer examines eligibility, determines the admissible amount, may require electronic credit ledger debit through FORM GST DRC-03, and may issue the prescribed refund and payment orders after proof of debit.

Commercial activity for purposes of Part B concerning NPOs includes trade, commerce, business, and services connected with trade, commerce or business, where a cess, fee or other consideration is received. Its characterisation is unaffected by the use, application or retention of the resulting income.

Recognition of bullion exchanges and bullion clearing corporations requires demutualised companies with fit-and-proper management and shareholders, compliant ownership and governance structures, prescribed net worth, and adequate infrastructure. Exchanges must provide screen-based trading, real-time surveillance, member regulation, grievance redressal and continuity systems. Clearing corporations must maintain risk-management, netting, novation, settlement-guarantee, member-connectivity and orderly wind-down arrangements. Every exchange must use a bullion clearing corporation for clearing and settlement, and settlement obligations determined under approved bye-laws are final, irrevocable and binding.

GST classification separates operational support services for petroleum, natural gas and mining extraction under heading 9986 from geological, geophysical, consulting, mineral exploration and evaluation services under heading 9983. Extraction support includes well-related operations, test drilling connected with extraction and contract operation of extraction units. Geological and geophysical prospecting, feasibility studies, project evaluation, surveying and mineral evaluation are classified separately. Services outside these entries must be classified under their respective headings and taxed accordingly.

Donation under Part B of the Income-tax Act, 2025 means any voluntary contribution received by a registered non-profit organisation from any person.

Internal party discipline concerning a clash between an elected representative and party workers is being addressed through an inquiry report, prior suspension of two workers, and efforts to secure an amicable resolution. Consideration of a corruption case arising from an Enforcement Directorate request for registration of an FIR is subject to legal advice and a decision on lawful governmental action. The request concerns alleged evidence gathered through investigation and searches under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act.

Place of supply for composite software development and integrated-circuit design services supplied to a recipient in non-taxable territory is the recipient's location where prototype hardware testing is ancillary. Testing and validation using hardware samples or test kits, when undertaken to improve quality or confirm that the developed software or design is error-free, forms part of the composite supply and cannot be artificially separated. The performance-based rule for services involving goods physically made available by the recipient does not separately govern such ancillary testing.

Personal hearing is required before an adverse GST determination is made. Where the Revenue cannot establish that the assessee received an opportunity to be heard, the resulting order breaches the principles of natural justice and is unsustainable. The assessee must receive a fresh determination after being afforded a personal hearing.

Personal hearing before an adverse GST order is required to satisfy principles of natural justice. Where the State cannot establish that an opportunity of hearing was granted, a challenge based on procedural unfairness is sustainable. An adverse GST order issued without such hearing is liable to be quashed, while the Department may pass a fresh order only after providing a proper opportunity of hearing.

Interest expenditure on borrowings used for business purposes is deductible where industrial land serves as a storage yard for trading inventory. Transport records established business use of the land for storing bulky iron and steel goods, for which open storage was commercially necessary. Capital and interest-free loans exceeding the land investment supported the presumption that the acquisition was funded from interest-free sources. In the absence of defects in the supporting records or adverse verification, disallowance of interest expenditure was unsustainable and was deleted.

FMEs may extend a valid placement memorandum for six-month periods when the required minimum corpus is not achieved, subject to prescribed extension fees. Open-ended schemes may invest in unlisted securities only after attaining a minimum corpus of USD 3 million. Winding-up grounds include failure to achieve minimum corpus after raising investor funds without obtaining a valid extension, and voluntary closure where no investors or funds have been onboarded. A transitional period permits appointment of an independent regulated custodian in India or a foreign jurisdiction.

Third-party fund management services permit a Registered FME to launch and manage Restricted Schemes for an eligible third-party fund manager after obtaining authorisation. The FME must maintain additional net worth, appoint a dedicated Principal Officer for each scheme, strengthen compliance, and remain liable despite any contractual or indemnity arrangement. It must conduct third-party due diligence and monitoring, ensure investor disclosures and conflict-management measures, segregate funds and operations, extend complaint mechanisms, conduct periodic audits, and retain termination rights in investors' interests or on direction. Schemes managed under the arrangement remain schemes of the FME.

Job work under heading 9988 covers treatment or processing of goods belonging to another registered person and falls within item (id). Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others under item (iv) exclude such job work and apply where the inputs belong to persons other than registered persons under the DGST Act. The entries operate in distinct fields.

Money-laundering investigation under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act concerns alleged diversion of bank-loan funds through fake or forged project-completion reports. The allegations include sale of five mortgaged properties at grossly undervalued consideration, with some buyers suspected to be benamis or proxies. These sales were allegedly intended to alienate assets and prevent their attachment under anti-money-laundering law.

Banking services at public sector banks were disrupted by a nationwide strike seeking a five-day workweek and resolution of wage-related demands. Branch operations affecting cash deposits, withdrawals, cheque clearance and administrative work were impacted, while digital banking channels remained functional. The central demand is declaration of all Saturdays as bank holidays, with other pending issues concerning pension updation, uniform dearness allowance for pensioners, and an option for National Pension System employees to move to the Old Pension Scheme.

Goodwill qualifies as an intangible asset eligible for depreciation. Applying the governing Supreme Court ruling, the contrary appellate view cannot be sustained, and depreciation on goodwill is allowable in favour of the assessee.

Eligible registered persons with aggregate turnover not exceeding two crore rupees may choose not to furnish annual returns for financial years 2017-18 and 2018-19, with an unfurnished return deemed furnished on its due date. Eligible composition taxpayers may file FORM GSTR-9A, and other eligible registered persons may file FORM GSTR-9, only before the applicable due date. Taxpayers identifying short-paid tax or ineligible input tax credit during account reconciliation may voluntarily self-assess and pay the liability through FORM GST DRC-03.

GST recovery from entities undergoing insolvency proceedings requires timely filing of departmental claims as an operational creditor. Admission of insolvency proceedings triggers a moratorium that bars recovery action, including bank attachment, while assessments and interest may extend only up to the moratorium date. Claims must be supported by assessment and recovery records. An approved resolution plan binds the Department; if liquidation begins, claims must be filed afresh with the liquidator. Officers must track proceedings, file claims and appeals within time, and prevent revenue loss.

US-led maritime blockade and sanctions are assessed as substantially restricting Iran's oil exports while enabling increased non-Iranian petroleum flows through the Strait of Hormuz and alternative routes. The conflict continues to disrupt a major global oil-and-gas transit corridor despite partial restoration of shipping flows. Regional proxy attacks on oil facilities and shipping near the Bab el-Mandeb extend the disruption, threatening Red Sea and Suez Canal routes and contributing to higher energy prices and inflationary pressure.