Foreign contribution registration under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010 does not create a vested or absolute right to receive foreign contributions. Registration depends on the competent authority's discretionary assessment, reviewable for perversity, disregard of relevant material, or non-application of mind. Applicants must truthfully disclose their organisational character: an organisation professing Zen Buddhist philosophy is religious and cannot describe itself as non-religious. Religious organisations may apply, but must make full and accurate disclosures; organisations involved in conversion from one faith to another must be denied registration. Appeals from refusal of registration, being incapable of monetary valuation and treated as appeals from original decrees, fall for consideration by a Division Bench.

Section 127 transfers for centralised assessment require recorded and communicated reasons, and transfers between officers subordinate to different Commissioners require the prescribed inter-Commissioner agreement; an opportunity of hearing depends on feasibility. Taxpayers who requested centralisation, filed returns, responded to notices and participated before the transferee officer were treated as having acquiesced in the transferred jurisdiction, preventing a later technical challenge to the transfer. Challenges to consequential assessment orders were not entertained in writ jurisdiction where an effective statutory appellate remedy was available. The writ petitions challenging the transfers and assessments were dismissed.

Section 245H's first proviso denies Settlement Commission immunity where prosecution was instituted before receipt of the settlement application. Accordingly, a settlement order cannot extend immunity to an already filed complaint concerning false statements in an income-tax search, including undisclosed bank lockers. Inherent jurisdiction may nevertheless be invoked independently to examine whether continuing a long-pending prosecution after final settlement would abuse process. Where settlement remains unchallenged, payment directions have been complied with, and continued proceedings serve no practical purpose, the criminal complaint and consequential orders may be quashed.

Section 43B disallowance of interest liability converted into preference shares under a corporate debt restructuring arrangement was deleted. A High Court judgment affirming the relevant Tribunal approach retained its precedential value despite the Revenue's pending Special Leave Petition. Mere pendency of a challenge before the Supreme Court does not displace that judgment unless it is stayed, reversed, or modified. The Tribunal therefore sustained deletion of the disallowance and dismissed the Revenue's appeal.

Enhanced penalty for misreporting under section 270A requires proof from the assessee's own conduct that it misrepresented or suppressed facts or furnished false particulars. Mere disallowance of a deduction for political contributions under section 80GGC does not establish misreporting where the claim and banking-channel payment were disclosed and not disproved. General investigation findings concerning the recipient political party cannot replace an independent penalty inquiry. The penalty for alleged misreporting was deleted.

Disallowance of a cost of improvement claimed in calculating short-term capital gains, merely because contractor-level documentation is incomplete, does not by itself establish misrepresentation or suppression. Where the improvement work is undisputed and the expenditure has been disclosed in the return and supporting particulars, the income cannot be treated as underreported as a consequence of misreporting. Contractor-level evidence may be unjustified for incidental capital expenditure outside the taxpayer's regular business. The penalty for underreported income under section 270A was quashed.

Software-development comparability turned on material differences in turnover, scalability, brand value, assets employed and functional, asset and risk profile. Mindtree Ltd., LTI Mindtree Ltd. and Tata Consultancy Services, having substantially greater scale and brand value than a captive service provider, were excluded from the comparable set. Interest on delayed receivables arising from foreign-currency invoices required benchmarking using LIBOR plus an appropriate mark-up, or another appropriate rate, rather than SBI rates. The resulting treatment required fresh benchmarking of interest on those receivables.

Section 50C applies to transfers of tenancy rights in land or buildings because a capital asset may be held through any legally recognised mode, not only ownership. Differences between leasehold and tenancy interests may affect the nature or value of the transferred interest but do not, by themselves, remove the transfer from the stamp-valuation framework. Where the stamp-value adopted exceeds the claimed fair market value, section 50C(2) provides for examination of the statutory conditions for a valuation reference. The Assessing Officer must consider the taxpayer's claim and, where conditions are met, obtain a Departmental Valuation Officer's valuation before determining the full value of consideration after providing an opportunity of hearing.

Surviving limitation following treatment of an original reassessment notice as a preliminary-enquiry notice is confined to the unexpired time remaining on the original notice's terminal date. After applicable statutory exclusions, the preliminary order and fresh reassessment notice must be issued within that balance, subject to the minimum seven-day period where applicable. Supplying material again does not restart limitation where it was already provided and answered. A fresh notice issued after expiry is time-barred and cannot create reassessment jurisdiction; consequential proceedings fail.

Under the mercantile system, an accrued but unpaid obligation to share overflow profit with investors remains deductible where its nature and accrual are undisputed. Lack of funds at the close of the previous year does not by itself make the liability contingent. The obligation arose under the investor arrangement, had neither ceased nor failed to accrue, and was outside payment-based liabilities governed by section 43B. Its subsequent discharge further supported the conclusion that it was not contingent. Accordingly, disallowance of the accrued outstanding liability was unsustainable.

Unaccounted mobile-accessories turnover may be assessed only for its profit element where purchases and business expenditure are inherent but exact computation is unavailable; the profit addition was limited to 5%, subject to removing overlap. Separate additions for cash salaries and supplier payments were treated as duplicative once trading profit was estimated. Property-booking cash additions required purchaser-specific proof of actual payment; uncorroborated booking sheets, cancellations and lack of recipient confirmation did not establish investment. Cash at company premises was not attributable individually where accounted company cash and business realisations explained it. Physical stock was limited to 5% of the valuation difference after excluding book stock and duplicated sales profit.

Amended section 115UB deems non-business losses accumulated by an investment fund up to 31 March 2019 to be losses of unit holders holding units on that date. Unit holders may therefore carry forward their proportionate attributed share under the amended regime, rather than the fund retaining those losses. The disallowance of such carry-forward was set aside, subject to verification of the unit holder's factual entitlement and the losses attributed by the investment fund.

Section 41(1) applies only where the taxpayer obtains a benefit during the relevant year through remission or cessation of a trading liability previously allowed as a deduction. Age of a liability, absent creditor confirmation, lack of recovery action or expiry of limitation does not establish cessation where the liability remains acknowledged in the accounts; subsequent payment may confirm that it continued at year-end. Advance-tax interest for a company remains mandatory but must be calculated on tax due on returned income, subject to statutory adjustments and credit for tax deducted at source and advance tax, rather than on subsequently assessed income.

Provisional release of seized imported goods may require an enhanced bond based on assessable value, but a bank guarantee calculated on anticipated fine and penalty is premature before verification of the certificate of origin and completion of investigation. Security requirements should protect revenue without treating prospective liabilities as established; prior final assessment of comparable goods receiving SAFTA benefit may support recalibration. Cargo-handling rules prohibit rent or demurrage on goods seized, detained or confiscated by the proper officer. Provisional release may therefore be secured through an enhanced bond and reduced guarantee, while detained goods qualify for complete waiver of demurrage and related charges.

Customs show cause notices may be corrected or supplemented before adjudication where a corrigendum causes no prejudice and relates back to the original notice; proper-officer status is function-specific. Recovery proceedings for duty not levied or paid are distinct from refund proceedings and need not be preceded by a separate challenge to self-assessment. Under Rule 2(a), CKD electric two-wheeler kits may be classified as complete vehicles when, as presented, they possess the vehicle's essential character despite missing battery packs and chargers. A CKD exemption requiring all necessary components is unavailable where components are missing, and an unclaimed alternative exemption cannot later be invoked. Confiscation remains distinct from redemption fine, so its absence does not preclude confiscation or penalty.

Customs interest arising solely because ICEGATE technical glitches prevented timely reflection of duty payment may be refundable where duty was remitted on the Bill of Entry filing date. The Tribunal treated the continued system failure, acknowledged up to 27 July 2023, as defeating a denial based only on filing the Bill of Entry after the waiver order's specified date. It set aside the rejection of the interest refund and allowed consequential relief according to law.

Appellate directions affirmed by the Supreme Court bind the parties and cannot be indirectly challenged through appeals against consequential compliance orders. Orders that merely implement or reiterate directions for fresh consideration, preserve existing interim arrangements, and neither decide the merits nor create new findings affecting rights do not warrant appellate interference. The Tribunal dismissed the connected appeals because they sought to reopen a prior appellate determination that had attained finality.

Seized records recovered under an undisputed panchnama, corroborated by transaction-linked witness statements, can establish prohibited foreign-exchange dealings despite a retracted statement. Forensic examination, panch-witness examination, or recovery of foreign currency is unnecessary where the records' genuineness, ownership and recovery are undisputed and other material proves dealings in foreign currency and gold. A delayed witness retraction may be treated as an afterthought, and later record misplacement does not erase material previously considered. Contravention under FERA was sustained, but the penalty was reduced because the amount was unquantified and the original penalty was excessive in light of health circumstances.

Conditional release of provisionally attached properties can protect quantified proceeds of crime while reducing prejudice to other investors. Under the escrow-based sale arrangement, attached properties may be sold through a joint escrow account, with the entire sale consideration deposited until the quantified proceeds of crime plus an additional 50 per cent is secured. The secured amount is then placed in fixed deposit pending the trial's final outcome. Attachment is lifted proportionately as properties are sold and fully once the stipulated aggregate is deposited. The Enforcement Directorate may monitor sales and release property documents needed for completion.

Concessional excise duty for power-driven pumps primarily designed to handle water requires strict satisfaction of the exemption conditions. "Water", undefined in the tariff, is understood in common and commercial parlance as clean water, excluding sewage and drainage water. Sewage and drainage pumps were therefore ineligible where their design and manufacturing differed from water-handling pumps; differential duty with applicable interest remained payable. An unimplemented audit objection did not create res judicata, and distinct tax periods have separate causes of action. Penalty for wrongful availment was set aside because the circumstances did not establish grounds warranting its imposition.