Computer resources supporting Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Limited's Core Banking Solution and Unified Payments Interface Switch, including associated dependencies, are declared protected systems as Critical Information Infrastructure. The bank may authorise access by written order for designated employees, need-based managed-service-provider personnel or third-party vendors, and consultants, regulators, government officials, auditors or stakeholders on a case-by-case basis.

Public consultation governs the making and amendment of regulations and specified subsidiary instructions that impose requirements or explain the meaning, scope or intent of provisions. Consultation papers must disclose the regulatory problem, objectives, enabling basis, draft measures and comment process. Comments are ordinarily invited for at least 21 calendar days, subject to recorded exceptions by the Chairperson. Comment summaries and responses must generally be published before notification or issuance, while substantive changes may require written reasons or fresh consultation. Regulations are ordinarily reviewed every five years, and specified urgent, procedural, coordinated, market-integrity, national-security and international-obligation matters are excluded.

Cash deposits during the demonetisation period may be assessed as unexplained investment under section 69 where the taxpayer fails to establish their source. Small ATM withdrawals made over an extended period, substantially before the deposits, may reasonably be treated as personal or family expenditure rather than cash retained for a later large deposit. The claimed custody of cash requires substantiation. Section 69 uses discretionary language, but its application is justified when deposits are not explained under an identifiable head of income. On these facts, the deposits were treated as unexplained investment against the taxpayer.

The LRIT system, including its facilities, information, assets, logistics infrastructure and dependencies at LRIT locations, is declared a protected system under the Information Technology Act, 2000. Role-based access is confined to authorised departments, designated LRIT officers and support staff, authorised managed service provider personnel, and authorised third-party vendors and partners. Shipping companies are limited to viewing rights for their own ships.

Exclusive electronic publication of the Gazette of India is instituted under section 8 of the Information Technology Act, 2000. Gazette content is to be published only through the official e-Gazette website. The Department of Publication must maintain records of electronically published notifications for reference. Government printing and sale of hard-copy Gazettes are to cease, and users may download the electronic Gazette free of charge.

Recognised market infrastructure institutions must perform critical operations involving trading facilities, clearing and settlement, dematerialisation, record keeping, core IT infrastructure, business continuity, disaster recovery, and cyber resilience. Their regulatory and compliance functions cover risk management, surveillance, listing, participant registration, admission of issuers and products, inspection, enforcement, arbitration, grievance redressal, member-default arrangements, and investor protection. Other functions include sales, marketing, product development and finance.

Section 144C's amended definition of "eligible assessee" extends draft-assessment and Dispute Resolution Panel protection to non-residents other than companies for assessments made after 1 April 2020. Where a proposed assessment includes a prejudicial variation, the Assessing Officer must issue a draft order and allow the eligible assessee 30 days to accept the proposal or file objections before the Dispute Resolution Panel. Failure to follow this process because of an intervening statutory amendment is a remediable procedural defect and does not abate the assessment proceedings; however, a direct final assessment order issued without the prescribed procedure cannot be sustained.

Recognised market infrastructure institutions must comply with applicable IFSC and securities-market legislation and directions, apply due diligence, and maintain effective risk management, governance, investor-protection and investor-education measures. They must treat applicants and members fairly and transparently, promptly inform the Authority of violations by members, participants or issuers, safeguard system and market integrity, avoid conflicts and unfair competition, assign clear management responsibilities, and monitor participant compliance. They remain responsible for employee conduct and must promote sound business practices.

Regulation 63C requires each recognised market infrastructure institution to appoint a chief information security officer separately and in addition to a chief technology officer. The chief information security officer oversees the institution's cyber security posture and reports directly to the managing director or chief executive officer. The requirement took effect from 1 November 2024.

Recognised market infrastructure institutions that are neither subsidiaries nor joint ventures must appoint a chief legal officer. Subsidiaries and joint ventures may rely on legal assistance from a parent entity, but must appoint the officer if that assistance is not provided. The Authority may require appointment by institutions beyond a specified size and scale of operations. The officer must mitigate legal risk, including by vetting bye-laws, amendments, and legal documents for proposed cross-border arrangements.

Each recognised market infrastructure institution must appoint a Chief Risk Officer to identify and monitor risks associated with its functioning, initiate necessary mitigation measures, and assume overall responsibility for risk management. The Chief Risk Officer must submit a report to the Authority every half-year, combining risk oversight with recurring regulatory reporting.

Computer resources relating to the Core Banking Solution and Unified Payments Interface Switch, including associated dependencies, are declared protected systems under the Information Technology Act, 2000. Jammu & Kashmir Bank Limited may specify authorised users by written order, including designated employees, need-based managed-service-provider personnel or third-party vendors, and consultants, regulators, government officials, auditors or stakeholders on a case-by-case basis. The designation takes effect upon publication in the Official Gazette.

Recognised clearing corporations must maintain a bye-law-based framework for voluntary and involuntary winding down of critical operations and services. The framework must provide for timely and orderly settlement, cessation, or transfer of positions, and for transfer of members' collateral, deposits, margins, and other assets to a recognised clearing corporation taking over the operations.

Section 69(2) of the Indian Partnership Act bars an unregistered firm only when it seeks to enforce a contractual right against a third party under a contract entered into in the course of its business dealings. It does not prevent claims based on statutory or common-law rights, or claims where a contract merely forms the source of title. A declaration and injunction claim seeking avoidance of a sale deed for fraud, misrepresentation, and non-payment of consideration falls outside the bar where the property sale was independent of the firm's business. Such a plaint remains maintainable and is not liable to rejection under Order VII Rule 11(d) CPC.

The amended pre-deposit requirement for GST appeals raises an unresolved question of temporal application where the show-cause notice predates the amendment. The issue concerns whether the vested right of appeal preserves the earlier pre-deposit position; a subsequent precedent on appellate stay may also bear on that question. Pending affidavits and final adjudication, interim protection permitted a timely appeal to be entertained without the 10% pre-deposit.

Recognised market infrastructure institutions must constitute a Nomination and Remuneration Committee to determine key management personnel compensation under a governing board-approved compensation policy. The policy must include malus and clawback arrangements. Compensation payable to the managing director, and each change to it, must be intimated to the Authority.

Outbound Hajj/Umrah package-tour services performed in Saudi Arabia fall outside the domestic service-tax levy because the place of provision for performance-based services and event-related activities is where they are actually carried out. Service tax is destination-based and has no extra-territorial operation, so services provided and consumed outside India are not taxable. Religious-ceremony exemption and treatment of Hajj pilgrimage tours as export of service independently support non-taxability. Where non-registration and non-payment result from a bona fide belief in this position, reasonable-cause relief prevents penalties.

Regulation 10A requires each recognised market infrastructure institution to abide by the Code of Conduct specified in Part A of Schedule I to the International Financial Services Centres Authority (Market Infrastructure Institutions) Regulations, 2021. Inserted with effect from 1 November 2024, it makes adherence to that Schedule-based Code of Conduct mandatory for recognised market infrastructure institutions within the regulatory framework.

UIDAI's Central Identities Data Repository facilities, information assets, logistics infrastructure and dependencies installed at UIDAI locations are designated as a Protected System under the Information Technology Act, 2000. Role-based access to the CIDR facility is limited to authorised personnel, including designated UIDAI officers and support staff, authorised managed service provider personnel, authorised third-party vendors and partners, and authorised business partners.

The First Schedule to the Information Technology Act, 2000 is amended to revise exclusions concerning negotiable instruments and powers of attorney. Negotiable instruments remain excluded except for cheques and specified demand promissory notes or bills of exchange issued in favour of or endorsed by regulated financial entities. Powers of attorney authorising such regulated entities to act for, on behalf of, and in the name of the executing person are also excluded from the relevant Schedule entry. Serial number 5 and its related entry are omitted.