Income-tax rates and surcharge rules set slab-based taxation with a graduated surcharge and limits on surcharge impact.

Slab-based income tax rates are prescribed for individuals, HUFs, AOPs, BOIs and artificial juridical persons with separate resident senior citizen slabs; computed tax is subject to a graduated surcharge for higher incomes, accompanied by a cap mechanism preventing the total tax-plus-surcharge on an income from exceeding the tax at the relevant bracket threshold by more than the excess income above that threshold.

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