Treatment of accumulated losses and unabsorbed depreciation: successor may utilise predecessor tax attributes subject to a limited carry forward period.
Clause 117 deems accumulated loss and unabsorbed depreciation of specified predecessor entities to be those of the amalgamated entity when amalgamations involve banking companies, corresponding new banks, or government companies under Central Government sanctioned schemes, including cases following strategic disinvestment; successor entities may utilize these tax attributes in the year of amalgamation but are subject to a limited carry forward period and prescribed compliance and reporting requirements.

Treatment of accumulated losses and unabsorbed depreciation allows continuity on corporate reorganisations subject to compliance conditions.
Clause 116 permits continuity of accumulated loss and unabsorbed depreciation on amalgamation, demerger and related reorganisations by deeming the transferor's tax attributes to be those of the transferee or successor, subject to conditions such as asset retention and business continuity. It limits transfers in strategic disinvestment to amounts existing when public sector status ceased, allocates losses in demergers according to transferred undertakings or retained assets, extends treatment to successor entities including LLPs, and empowers the Central Government to prescribe conditions; non compliance attracts tax liabilities for successor entities.

Carry forward of business losses allows set off against future business income, prioritised before other carried allowances.
Clause 112 permits carry forward and set off of unabsorbed business losses-defined as losses under "Profits and gains of business or profession" excluding speculation losses-against future business or professional profits, mandates that such losses be set off before any other carried forward allowances, and limits the period during which losses may be carried forward, aligning with the existing temporal framework.

Carry forward of house property loss - allows head-specific set off against future house property income, time-limited.
Clause 110 permits unabsorbed losses under the head "Income from house property" to be carried forward and set off only against future income from the same head, subject to a statutory time limitation, and defines "unabsorbed loss from house property" as losses not set off against other income heads in the relevant year.

Set-off of losses: new limits bar using business and capital losses to reduce salary and other non-capital income.
Clause 109 permits set-off of losses under any income head except capital gains against income from other heads in the same year, subject to limits: business losses cannot be set off against salary income; house property losses are set off against other heads only up to a capped amount; and capital gains losses cannot be set off against non-capital income. The clause thus confines capital losses within their category and imposes head-specific restrictions requiring careful tax planning and record-keeping.

Set-off of losses under the same head: clarifies offset rules for capital and non-capital income, refining capital gains set-off.
Clause 108 permits set-off of a loss from any source against income from any other source under the same head (excluding capital gains), while treating capital gains losses separately: long-term capital losses may be set off only against other long-term capital gains, and short-term capital losses may be set off against gains from any capital asset, thereby requiring accurate classification of assets and records to effect permissible intra-head offsets.

Deemed income from informal credit instruments: non account payee transactions treated as taxable, prompting formalisation of payments.
Clause 106 and Section 69D deem amounts borrowed or repaid through hundis, negotiable instruments, or Board specified modes to be the income of the borrower or repayer when not transacted by account payee cheque, with provisions capturing interest where applicable and safeguards to prevent double taxation once an amount has been treated as income.

Unexplained expenditure treated as income increases tax exposure when taxpayers fail to satisfactorily explain expenditure sources.
Clause 105 deems unexplained expenditure as income when an assessee fails to provide a satisfactory explanation, confers evaluative power on the Assessing Officer to judge adequacy of explanations, and disallows any deduction for amounts so deemed; Section 69C operates similarly but uses permissive language and contains a deduction proviso, reflecting comparable objectives to prevent tax evasion while differing in textual strictness and potential administrative effect.

Unexplained asset rules now include virtual digital assets, expanding deeming powers where explanations are unsatisfactory.
Where an asset is unrecorded or its recorded amount is less than actual value and the assessee fails to provide a satisfactory explanation, Clause 104 and Section 69B treat the unexplained excess as deemed income for the year of discovery; Clause 104 expressly adds virtual digital assets, while both provisions vest the Assessing Officer with discretion to accept or reject explanations, creating valuation and verification challenges.

Unexplained investments treated as income when taxpayer fails to satisfactorily explain source, shifting burden to taxpayer and empowering assessing officer discretion.
Clause 103 deems unrecorded investments or amounts exceeding recorded investment as income if the assessee fails to provide a satisfactory explanation to the Assessing Officer; the provision places the evidential burden on the assessee and employs a deeming mechanism to include unexplained amounts in taxable income. Section 69B applies the same explanation-and-deeming approach to investments, bullion, jewellery and other valuable articles where recorded amounts are less than actual expenditure, relying on Assessing Officer evaluation to determine whether excess amounts are to be treated as income.

Unexplained assets treated as deemed income: inclusion of virtual digital assets broadens taxable asset coverage and disclosure obligations.
Clause 104 deemsthe value of assets not recorded, or under recorded, in an assessee's books to be taxable income where the assessee fails to provide a satisfactory explanation; it expressly includes virtual digital assets and places onus on the assessee to prove the nature and source, leaving determination of adequacy to the Assessing Officer.

Unexplained investments deemed income under deeming provision; imposes explanation burden and increased tax scrutiny on taxpayers.
Clause 103 treats investments not recorded in the assessee's books, and amounts exceeding recorded investments, as unexplained unless the assessee provides a satisfactory explanation; such unexplained investments are deemed income for the relevant tax year, subject to the Assessing Officer's evaluation under the clause's deeming provision.

Unexplained credits: dual-party explanation requirement leads to inclusion of unexplained book credits as taxable income.
Unexplained credits are chargeable to income when sums in an assessee's books lack satisfactory explanation, with the assessing officer determining adequacy. Loans and borrowings require satisfactory explanations from both the assessee and the creditor; share application money, share capital and share premium in closely held companies similarly demand corroboration from the company and the named contributor. Venture capital funds and companies receive a specific exemption, while the provision overall increases recordkeeping and evidentiary burdens and enhances tax authority scrutiny.

Income apportionment in AOPs and BOIs: structured deduction and allocation of member remuneration and interest for tax computation.
Both Clause 309 and Section 67A set out a structured method for computing a member's share in an AOP/BOI: deduct interest, salary, bonus, commission or remuneration from total AOP/BOI income, apportion the residual among members by entitlement and treat apportioned shares under the same heads of income; where apportioned results are profitable the remuneration is added back, and where loss it is adjusted; interest on capital borrowed by a member for investment is deductible under Profits and gains of business or profession; "paid" means actually paid or incurred per the accounting method used.

Total income aggregation requires inclusion of exempt receipts to protect the tax base and prevent erosion through exclusions.
Clause 101 mandates that computation of Total income include income exempt under the identified sub part of Chapter provisions, converting such exempt receipts into an affirmative component of total income to protect the tax base and prevent erosion from otherwise excluded income streams.

Income attribution: clarifies tax liability of the legal owner and joint-and-several responsibility for income included in another's return.
Clause 100 assigns tax liability to the person in whose name an asset stands or whose firm membership produces attributed income, imposes joint and several liability for jointly held assets allowing recovery from any co-owner for the whole tax due, applies existing procedural recovery mechanisms to enforce the liability, and overrides contrary provisions in other laws to ensure primacy in determining tax obligations arising from income attribution.

Clubbing of income: new clause expands inclusion of spouse, minor child and transferred-asset income in assessee's taxable income.
Clause 99 attributes to the individual income arising to a spouse from employment or remuneration in concerns where the individual has a substantial interest, income from assets transferred to a spouse or a son's wife without adequate consideration, and income of a minor child except earnings from the child's manual work or personal skill; it also prescribes a formula for income attributable when transferred assets are invested and treats conversion of individual property to HUF as income of the individual.

Revocable transfer definitions broaden tax reach, treating arrangements that preserve transferor control as attributable income to transferor.
Clause 98 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 and Section 63 of the Income Tax Act define transfer to include settlements, trusts, covenants, agreements or arrangements, and define revocable transfer to cover provisions enabling direct or indirect re transfer of income or assets or re assumption of power by the transferor. Both provisions attribute income to the transferor where economic substance shows retention of control or benefit, broadening the tax net over arrangements that preserve transferor influence.

Chargeability of income in asset transfers: revocable transfers taxed to transferor, with narrow irrevocable-transfer exceptions.
Clause 97 treats income from a revocable transfer of assets as taxable in the hands of the transferor, while providing exceptions for truly irrevocable transfers where the transferor derives no direct or indirect benefit; if a power to revoke later arises the income becomes chargeable to the transferor, thereby aligning taxation with economic control and preventing tax avoidance through strategic transfers.

Transfer of income without asset transfer: such income is taxed in the transferor's hands to prevent tax avoidance.
Clause 96 and Section 60 provide that income arising by virtue of a transfer, whether revocable or irrevocable and irrespective of timing, is chargeable to tax in the transferor's hands if the asset generating that income has not been transferred, thereby preserving the link between income and its source asset to prevent tax avoidance.