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    Case LawsIncome Tax
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    Case LawsIncome Tax
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    Jurisdictional prerequisite: notice in the name of a deceased person invalidates reassessment initiation under Section 148.
    A notice under Section 148 issued in the name of a deceased person is a jurisdictional defect because a valid notice to the correct person is a condition precedent to reopening an assessment; legal representatives have no statutory duty to intimate death; where salary tax has been deducted at source, reassessment cannot be pursued against the deceased or their representatives, and employer non-deposit of TDS does not create an outstanding demand against the assessee or their legal representatives.
    Case LawsIncome Tax
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    Revisional power: Commissioner may consider subsequent records available at time of examination in tax proceedings.
    The Court construed the Commissioner's revisional power to permit consideration of all materials relating to the proceeding that are available at the time of his examination, including documents and valuation reports that came on the file after the assessment order; the Explanation to the provision was read as clarificatory, giving an inclusive meaning to "record" rather than restricting it to what the Assessing Officer had when passing the assessment.
    Case LawsIncome Tax
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    Revision powers under section 264: Commissioner must consider expanded record and rehear revision petitions on merits.
    The Court held that the Commissioner must consider a revision petition on its merits and that the term record in revision proceedings extends beyond the return and assessment order to include material from other sources and prior assessments. It emphasised consistency in treatment of continuing transactions and required the Principal Commissioner to take into account all relevant materials, identify any apparent mistakes, afford a personal hearing, and pass a reasoned order within a short timeframe.
    Case LawsGST
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    Natural justice in tax proceedings: show cause notices must allege fraud or concealment before enhanced recovery is invoked.
    The court quashed the enhanced-provision show cause notice for failing to allege the essential elements of fraud, willful misstatement, or suppression of facts and held that the enhanced regime may be invoked only when the adjudicating authority is prima facie satisfied of those elements and records that satisfaction in the notice; absent such express allegations the proceedings are without jurisdiction though fresh proceedings may be initiated with a proper notice.
    Case LawsGST
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    Plant classification under GST: functionality test determines ITC eligibility for buildings serving special technical requirements.
    The expression plant or machinery in Section 17(5)(d) of the CGST Act must be interpreted by reference to functionality rather than by equating it with the statutory definition of "plant and machinery." A building qualifies as a plant for ITC purposes if, on the facts, it was planned and constructed to serve the assessee's special technical or operational requirements. The functionality test is fact-specific and requires case-by-case analysis of the building's role in the assessee's business.
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    Inordinate delay in adjudication bars further proceedings on stale show cause notices absent a reasonable explanation.
    The court found the delay from 2008 to 2021 inordinate and unexplained, concluding the respondents did not provide a reasonable explanation; the delayed transfer to the call book without intimation breached statutory intimation requirements, and established precedent limits reliance on higher authority to excuse gross unexplained delays in adjudication of show cause notices.
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    Inordinate delay in adjudication undermines procedural fairness and bars continuation of prolonged, unexplained proceedings.
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    Pandemic relief legislation upheld: re-assessment notices issued during lockdown remain valid despite later procedural rule.
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    Faceless assessment mechanism requires reassessment steps to follow a centralized faceless procedure, otherwise territorial officer lacks jurisdiction.
    The Scheme framed under the enabling provision must be read to include preliminary proceedings linked to reassessment, so that reassessment initiation and related steps follow the faceless mechanism; concurrent exercise of territorial and faceless functions would undermine the Scheme's purpose and render steps taken outside the faceless protocol inconsistent with the statutory framework.
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    Evidentiary value of survey statements: survey disclosures lack conclusive weight and require independent corroboration.
    Statements recorded during a tax survey are permissive and not taken on oath, so they are not conclusive evidence by themselves; they cannot be treated as inherently incriminating material to justify reopening assessments or making additions without independent corroboration, and must be recorded free of coercion in line with administrative instructions and judicial precedents.
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    Faceless assessment jurisdiction: JAO lacked authority under the statutory faceless procedure, invalidating improperly issued notices.
    The court determined that reassessment notices and related proceedings were inconsistent with the statutory faceless assessment framework because they were issued without following the prescribed allocation of jurisdiction and procedural sequence under the faceless mechanism; administrative orders purportedly exempting cases were not read to displace the statutory requirements and earlier precedent interpreting the faceless provisions was applied.
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    Faceless Assessment: statutory scheme governs jurisdiction and extends to central and international taxation proceedings.
    The court analysed Section 151A read with Sections 144B and 148A and held that administrative instructions dated March 31, 2021 and September 6, 2021 issued under section 119 apply only to assessment orders and do not extend to proceedings under Sections 148A and 148; those instructions cannot be read into the scheme notified on March 29, 2022. The mandatory faceless procedure under Sections 144B and 151A applies to notices and proceedings, including central charges and international taxation charges, and notices issued outside that mechanism fall outside the statutory jurisdictional framework.
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    Doctrine of limitation prevents revival of lapsed reassessment powers; administrative instructions cannot "travel back in time."
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    Mens rea requirement in tax penalties: technical errors without intent cannot justify penalty imposition under GST compliance.
    Requirement of mens rea for imposition of tax penalties is central where e Way Bill compliance is questioned. Mere procedural or timing inconsistencies, without evidence of intent to evade tax and where valid tax invoices accompany the goods and tax has been charged, do not justify penal action. Authorities must establish culpable intent with cogent reasoning and comply with procedural and natural justice safeguards before imposing penalties.
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    Mandatory timelines under Section 144C require assessments to be completed within the prescribed month after DRP direction, else invalid.
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    Mens rea requirement: technical expiry of an e way bill alone cannot justify a tax penalty without intent to evade.
    The court held that a purely technical lapse in E Way Bill formalities - where goods were otherwise covered by two e invoices and two E Way Bills and there was no dispute on consignor, consignee or goods - does not demonstrate the mens rea necessary to impose a penalty under the tax penal provision; authorities' focus on the expired E Way Bill alone was legally insufficient given documentary explanations and absence of intent to evade tax.
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    Exclusion of Limitation Act: GST Act's specific appellate time limits operate as a self contained code, barring general extensions.
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    Assessing Officer discretion in granting stay of tax demand cannot be rigidly constrained by administrative OMs, requiring case specific consideration.
    The Assessing Officer's discretionary power under section 220(6) to grant stay of tax demand is not fettered by CBDT Office Memorandums; those OMs are administrative guidelines and do not mandate a uniform pre deposit. The AO must consider prima facie case, likelihood of success, and undue hardship and may require a higher, lower or no deposit depending on case specific facts. Administrative adjustment of refunds without considering a pending stay application was held arbitrary and the matter was remitted for reconsideration applying these principles.
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    Technical services interpretation requires specialized expertise and a demonstrable link to payments for withholding tax consequences.
    Interpretation of technical services under the India Ireland DTAA requires the application or transfer of specialized knowledge, skill or expertise; incidental training or assistance enabling a reseller to market standard software does not meet that threshold. The Reseller Agreement did not contemplate technology transfer or bespoke solutions, payments were tied to reseller net revenue, and the record lacked material linking remittances to customized technical services. Authorities must establish an evidentiary and contractual nexus between payments and provision of specialized technical services before applying withholding tax under the treaty.

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      TDS threshold rationalization TDS provisions have various thresholds of amount of payment or amount of income, beyond which tax is required be deducted. It is proposed to rationalize these thresholds as below

      1 February, 2025

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      Union Budget 2025-26 (Full) + Finance Bill, 2025

      II. TDS threshold rationalization TDS provisions have various thresholds of amount of payment or amount of income, beyond which tax is required be deducted. It is proposed to rationalize these thresholds as below –

      S. No

      Section

      Current threshold

      Proposed threshold

      1.

      193 - Interest on securities

      Nil

      Rs. 10,000/-

      2.

      194A - Interest other than Interest on securities

       

      (i) Rs. 50,000/- for senior citizen;

      (ii) Rs. 40,000/- in case of others when payer is bank, cooperative society and post office

      (iii) Rs. 5,000/- in other cases

       

      (i) Rs. 1,00,000/- for senior citizen

      (ii) Rs. 50,000/- in case of others when payer is bank, cooperative society and post office

      (iii) Rs. 10,000/- in other cases

       

      3.

      194 - Dividend for an individual shareholder

      Rs. 5,000/-

      Rs. 10,000/-

       

      4.

      194K - Income in respect of units of a mutual fund or specified company or undertaking

      Rs. 5,000/-

      Rs. 10,000/-

       

      5.

      194B - Winnings from lottery, crossword puzzle, etc.

      Aggregate of amounts exceeding Rs. 10,000/- during the financial year

      Rs. 10,000/- in respect of a single transaction

      6.

      194BB - Winnings from horse race

      7.

      194D - Insurance commission

      Rs. 15,000/-

      Rs. 20,000/-

      8.

      194G - Income by way of commission, prize etc. on lottery tickets

      Rs.15,000/-

      Rs. 20,000/-

      9.

      194H - Commission or brokerage

      Rs. 15,000/-

      Rs. 20,000/-

      10.

      194-I Rent

      Rs. 2,40,000/- during the financial year

      Rs. 50,000/- per month or part of a month

      11.

      194J - Fee for professional or technical services

      Rs. 30,000/-

      Rs. 50,000/-

      12.

      194LA - Income by way of enhanced compensation

      Rs. 2,50,000/-

      Rs. 5,00,000/-

       


      Full Text:

      Union Budget 2025-26 (Full) + Finance Bill, 2025

      Topics

      ActsIncome Tax