TDS and TCS rates distinguish fixed statutory deductions from rates in force, determining surcharge and cess treatment.

Fixed statutory TDS and TCS rates under the Income-tax Act, 2025 are complete rates and do not attract surcharge or Health & Education Cess. Where tax must be deducted at rates in force, the applicable rate is determined under the relevant Finance Act and, where applicable, a beneficial Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement. Such rates may include income-tax, surcharge and Health & Education Cess. This distinction is particularly relevant to payments to non-residents and remains substantively unchanged from the Income-tax Act, 1961.

---

---

---