Tax deduction at source framework governs resident and non-resident payments, exemptions, thresholds, and special deduction rules. Section 393 sets out a detailed tax deduction at source regime for specified payments to residents and non-residents, fixing the applicable rates, thresholds, timing of deduction, and payer categories across commission, rent, interest, contractor and professional fees, dividends, winnings, e-commerce receipts, virtual digital assets, and various cross-border income streams. It also provides specific exemptions, nil-deduction declarations, and special rules for deemed credit, grossing-up, and priority of deduction in identified cases.