Section 56(2)(vii)(b) permits adoption of the stamp-duty value on the agreement date, rather than the registration date, where those dates differ and whole or part of the consideration was paid by a non-cash mode on or before the agreement date. Where an earlier agreement fixed the sale consideration and an unrebutted cheque payment preceded that agreement, the registration-date stamp value cannot sustain an addition under that provision.

Reassessment of a completed scrutiny assessment for alleged bogus long-term capital gains requires reasons to believe based on fresh tangible material, not a review of an issue already examined. Where share transactions, including purchase, demat and sale evidence, were scrutinised and the relevant gain was accepted, a later investigation report that does not identify the assessee or address existing material cannot establish income escapement. After the prescribed period, reopening additionally requires an uncontroverted failure to make full and true disclosure. On these facts, reassessment was invalid as a mere change of opinion.

For searches initiated on or after 1 April 2021, Explanation 2(i) to section 148 deems the Assessing Officer to possess information suggesting income escapement. The search-triggered route under sections 147 and 148 operates as the special statutory procedure and overrides regular scrutiny assessment under section 143(3). The Assessing Officer must discontinue section 143(3) proceedings and commence section 148 proceedings following such a search. Failure to follow that prescribed route creates a jurisdictional defect and invalidates the assessment.

Cash repayment of deposits otherwise than through prescribed banking modes contravenes the statutory restriction and attracts penalty. Relief based on reasonable cause requires the taxpayer to establish circumstances justifying cash repayment. Where amounts are claimed to be chit bid payments, the claimant must substantiate that they were paid to successful subscribers. Failure to deny cash repayments, prove the asserted chit payment character, or establish reasonable cause supports imposition of the penalty.

Section 251(1)(a), during the relevant period, required the first appellate authority to confirm, reduce, enhance or annul an assessment; after rejecting section 69C, it could not leave an unspecified gross-profit rate for the assessing officer to determine. A reasoned gross-profit addition required identification of the rate, its basis, comparable transactions and quantum, and could not be mechanically applied to capitalised purchases or staff-uniform expenditure. Penalty for concealment or inaccurate particulars required more than a deduction disallowance where audited accounts, ledgers and payment particulars disclosed the claim. Failure to satisfy bad-debt conditions or section 43B's actual-payment requirement, without false or inaccurate particulars, did not itself establish a penalty default.

Common expenses incurred for both members and non-members may be apportioned against taxable non-member receipts according to their relative quantum where the expenses are genuine and not incurred exclusively for members. An ad hoc restriction or complete disallowance requires disclosed material and a cogent basis; otherwise, proportionately allocated expenditure remains allowable. Rent from permitting a cellular tower to be installed and operated in part of premises is income from house property where no independent services or facilities accompany the letting. The statutory deduction available for house-property income applies, requiring taxable income to be recomputed accordingly.

Under the transactional net margin method, audited comparable data must be adjusted for material working-capital differences under Rule 10B(1)(e)(iii); a tested margin within the adjusted arm's-length range does not warrant a transfer-pricing adjustment. A claimed duplicate disallowance of income-tax interest requires verification against return and assessment records to prevent repeated disallowance. Employees' provident-fund contributions are deductible only if deposited by the due date prescribed under the relevant provident-fund law; payment by the income-tax-return filing due date is insufficient, and factual compliance requires verification.

Share capital and share premium received from a corporate subscriber do not constitute unexplained cash credit where the assessee substantiates the subscriber's identity, creditworthiness and the genuineness of the transaction. Books of account, bank statements, the subscriber's tax identification details, address and audited financial statements, together with a documented banking trail and examination of the subscriber's investment source, discharge the initial evidentiary burden. An addition based solely on an investigation report is unsustainable where no defect in this evidence is identified and no effective contrary verification is undertaken.

Structured maritime education and training for seafarers, regulated by the Director General of Shipping, constitute educational purposes for income-tax exemption. Seminars, technical publications, research programmes and related functions remain incidental and integral to those educational objects. Surplus generation does not make the activities commercial where it is applied towards education. In the absence of material factual differences from earlier years, the activities are not treated as objects of general public utility under the proviso to Section 2(15). Exemption under Section 11 is therefore available.

Post-2021 reassessment remains valid where transaction-specific information supports action under Sections 148A and 148, and retrospective Section 147A governs the meaning of Assessing Officer. For disputed purchases, supplier-related deficiencies and accommodation-bill information do not justify full treatment as unexplained expenditure under Section 69C where invoices, e-way bills, banking and GST records, quantitative details and accepted corresponding sales support the transactions, with no return of funds established. The addition should therefore be confined to estimated embedded profit, assessed at 6% based on gross-profit history. Paragraph 3.1(c) of CBDT Circular No. 5/2024 concerns departmental appeal maintainability and does not require vacatur or fresh assessment.

The first proviso to Section 147 restricts reassessment initiated after four years from the end of the relevant assessment year where the original assessment was completed under Section 143(3). Reopening is permissible only where escaped income resulted from the assessee's failure to fully and truly disclose all material facts. Disclosure of complete share-sale transaction particulars during the original scrutiny assessment, coupled with recorded reasons that do not allege such failure, does not satisfy the statutory condition for reopening beyond four years.

Statutory approval under Section 151 for reassessment requires the approving authority to independently consider recorded reasons and supporting material; a bare "fit case" endorsement is mechanical, invalidates the sanction, and leaves reassessment without jurisdiction. Reassessment is not a change of opinion where subsequent investigation information concerning accommodation entries was unavailable during the original assessment. Alleged bogus-purchase additions require probative and corroborative material: invoices, stock, payment, transport, and undisproved sales records cannot be displaced solely by an untested supplier statement or cash withdrawals lacking a transaction nexus. Estimating a profit element also requires cogent proof of suppressed profit.

Revision under Section 263 requires both an erroneous assessment order and prejudice to the Revenue; it cannot rest solely on a different view where the Assessing Officer has examined the supporting material and adopted a legally plausible view. Interest awarded under Section 28 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 is treated as an accretion to compensation for compulsory acquisition, rather than as separate interest. It therefore retains its capital-gains character and, where agricultural-land conditions are satisfied, qualifies for exemption under Section 10(37) instead of taxation as income from other sources.

Unexplained-expenditure and unexplained-money additions require foundational proof: section 69C requires evidence that the assessee incurred expenditure, while section 69A requires proof of ownership of unrecorded money or specified assets. A loose sheet seized from a third party and that party's untested statement cannot, without independent nexus and corroboration, establish either fact. Possession-based presumptions apply to the person from whom material is seized and do not automatically extend to another person. Appellate scrutiny of the existing assessment record, without admitting identified fresh material, is an evidentiary appraisal rather than admission of additional evidence.

Tax additions for alleged unexplained loans, receipts, interest income, and unaccounted flat-sale consideration require reliable evidence linking the assessee to actual unrecorded transactions. Third-party electronic records engage statutory possession presumptions only against the person from whom recovered and cannot be used against another person without an independently established nexus; denial of cross-examination and retracted, uncorroborated statements weaken their evidentiary value. A foundational unrecorded investment or actual interest accrual must be proved before income is assessed. Median-rate estimates and project-wide extrapolation cannot replace recorded sale consideration where books remain unrejected and no buyer-specific evidence, unaccounted cash, or corroborative transaction records establish cash receipts.

Unsecured loan credits require proof of creditor identity, creditworthiness and transaction genuineness; banking-channel records and supporting financial documents can satisfy those requirements absent evidence of accommodation entries or the taxpayer's own money. Interest disallowance for non-business diversion requires a direct nexus between specific borrowings and non-business use, particularly where interest-free funds cover disputed deployments. Borrowing-related expenses cannot be disallowed proportionately without proof of such diversion. Reconciled tax-credit-statement receipts already recorded as income cannot be taxed again. Exempt-income disallowance requires recorded dissatisfaction based on accounts, and the investment base must exclude investments yielding no positive exempt income; prior voluntary disallowance requires verification.

Offshore supply receipts under separately executed offshore, onshore supply and onshore service contracts remain outside Indian taxation where property and payment pass outside India and no operations generating that income occur in India. CIF terms, custody obligations, performance guarantees and acceptance testing do not, by themselves, alter that result. A fixed place permanent establishment requires a place at the foreign enterprise's disposal, while a dependent agent permanent establishment requires dependent agency and requisite authority. An Indian associate conducting substantial independent business and attending limited meetings for its own onshore scope does not establish a permanent establishment, business connection, or profit attribution. Section 44BBB does not cover standalone offshore supplies with offshore transfer of property absent taxable Indian operations.

Section 153C jurisdiction requires a satisfaction note to identify how seized incriminating material relates to each relevant assessment year. Mere recording of a seized hard disk and a proposal to initiate proceedings for specified years, without a year-specific nexus, is insufficient. Proceedings initiated on such vague satisfaction are invalid, favouring the assessee.

Modified returns furnished after a business reorganisation, where no assessment or reassessment proceeding is pending, permit only modification of total income already determined to implement the reorganisation order. Such returns do not operate as returns under Section 139 capable of triggering fresh scrutiny under Section 143(2). Section 170A distinguishes completed assessments from pending proceedings: Section 170A(2)(a) applies to completed assessments, while Section 170A(2)(b) permits assessment or reassessment only where proceedings remain pending. Section 170A(3) does not expand jurisdiction. Verification may be limited to ensuring proper implementation, but de novo scrutiny and consequential transfer-pricing proceedings lack jurisdiction.

Section 10B deduction for an export-oriented unit should not be reduced through a blanket turnover-based allocation of expenditure where the unit maintains separate audited accounts, registration, factory facilities and production arrangements. Material differences in product mix, fixed assets, manufacturing process, power consumption, interest burden and tax incidence supported unit-wise expense allocation. In the absence of any identified discrepancy, and where profitability remained broadly consistent with the preceding year, allocating all expenditure solely by sales turnover was unsupported. The claimed deduction consequently remained sustainable.