GST refund claims may bundle successive tax periods across financial years. Accumulated input tax credit refunds under an inverted duty structure exclude identical input and output goods affected only by a later rate reduction. For non-zero-rated and non-deemed-export tax refunds, cash and electronic credit ledger components must be returned in their original proportions, with the credit component re-credited through FORM GST PMT-03. Accumulated input tax credit refunds are restricted to supplier-furnished invoices reflected in FORM GSTR-2A, and Annexure B requires HSN/SAC details where stated on inward invoices.

Foreign-currency loans advanced to overseas associated enterprises require an economically comparable arm's-length benchmark; LIBOR-linked rates are appropriate where the loans are received and used abroad, unlike Indian corporate-bond yields. A royalty CUP comparison requires materially comparable uncontrolled transactions, including comparable territories, trademarks, products and market conditions; an undisplaced TNMM analysis supports the existing royalty treatment. Recurring market research for established products remains revenue expenditure where it creates no identifiable capital asset, and unsupported ad hoc expense disallowances are not sustainable. For industrial-undertaking deductions, manufacturing by-product and scrap sales satisfy the direct-nexus requirement, whereas machinery lease rent does not.

Jurisdiction covers Chapter IX contraventions within the officer's State or Union Territory, with the location of the computer system or network determining where a complaint is made. Complaints use the prescribed form and a fee linked to compensation claimed. Respondents may plead guilty or show cause, while the officer may dismiss the matter or conduct inquiry after considering reports, evidence and submissions. Electronic records may be relied upon, and matters disclosing offences requiring punishment rather than financial consequences must be transferred for criminal jurisdiction.

The Presiding Officer of the Cyber Regulations Appellate Tribunal is entitled to house rent allowance at the rate applicable from time to time to a Group 'A' Central Government officer drawing equivalent pay. This amendment to the service conditions takes effect upon publication in the Official Gazette.

Service conditions for the Presiding Officer of the Cyber Regulations Appellate Tribunal aligned salary, allowances and benefits with those admissible to a Secretary to the Government of India and treated the officer as a public servant. Pay of retired appointees was reduced by applicable pension, provident-fund contribution or other retirement benefits. Leave, travel, accommodation, medical facilities, pension and provident-fund coverage generally followed Secretary-level or Group A Central Government standards, with residual matters governed by Group A service rules.

Depreciation under the applicable entry extends to an aircraft operated as an aeroplane, as the expression "aircraft" is broader and an aeroplane falls within the specified category. A restrictive reading confined to aero-engines or vehicle parts does not apply. The aircraft therefore qualified for depreciation at 40%, sustaining the assessee's claimed allowance.

Monitoring and collection of traffic data or information generated, transmitted, received or stored in a computer resource under section 69B require an order of the competent authority. Directions may be issued for cyber security purposes, including forecasting imminent incidents; monitoring network applications; identifying viruses or computer contaminants; tracking breaches, affected computer resources and suspected persons; conducting forensic examination and information-security audits; accessing stored information to enforce cyber-security law; and addressing other cyber-security matters. Reasons must accompany each direction, and a copy must reach the Review Committee within seven working days.

Long-term capital loss on a documented share sale to an unrelated purchaser remains allowable unless evidence establishes that the apparent transaction is false; tax reduction alone does not make it sham. Shares consistently held as investments, with delivery and limited transactions, generate capital rather than business losses. Advertising, brand, trademark, business-development, professional, and premises-rent costs supporting operations without creating a capital asset are revenue expenditure. No notional interest arises on an interest-free advance where sufficient interest-free funds exist and no borrowed-fund nexus is shown. Short tax deduction at source does not trigger expenditure disallowance. Exchange gain on borrowing for capital assets is capital in character. Accrued zero-coupon debenture premium is proportionately deductible where the recipient is unidentifiable at year-end, and a valid deduction claim may be considered on appeal despite omission from the return.

TNVAT's inclusive definition of manufacture covers the production, extraction and processing involved in lignite mining, including removal of overburden, excavation, conveyance and stacking. Capital goods used to produce lignite for taxable sale qualify for input tax credit. Credit is, however, restricted to the proportion attributable to taxable lignite sales and is unavailable where lignite is used to generate exempt electricity. A pre-existing clarification allowing concessional treatment for relevant mining operations continues under the savings provision where it is not inconsistent with TNVAT provisions.

Pending Central Excise and Service Tax appeals filed on or after 1 July 2017, concerning pre-GST actions or omissions, are assigned to identified officers for appellate disposal in the Bengaluru Zone. The assignment covers appeals under Section 35 of the Central Excise Act, 1944, and Section 85 of the Finance Act, 1994. Officers designated for each listed appeal must pass Orders-in-Appeal under the corresponding statutory provision. The allocation matrix identifies 500 appeals by appeal number, assessee, registration particulars, and assigned officer.

Appeals filed on or after 1 July 2017 under section 35 of the Central Excise Act, 1944, or section 85 of the Finance Act, 1994, are subject to a re-assignment of appellate jurisdiction. The identified appeals are allotted to the Principal Commissioner, CGST and Central Excise, Nagpur Audit Commissionerate, for passing Orders-in-Appeal under the applicable enactment.

Any person seeking blocking must lodge a complaint with the Nodal Officer of the concerned organisation; the Designated Officer cannot entertain direct complaints or requests. The organisation examines whether blocking is required on the specified statutory grounds and forwards a complete written request in the prescribed form. A committee examines the request and sample content, while identified persons or intermediaries ordinarily receive notice and an opportunity to respond. The Secretary's approval is required before the Designated Officer directs a Government agency or intermediary to block public access.

Specified Central Excise and service-tax appeals filed on or after 1 July 2017 are reassigned, entry by entry, to designated Commissioners for passing Orders-in-Appeal. Each matter is identified through its appeal number, assessee or concerned party, registration particulars and allotted officer. The allocation covers Kolkata South and Kolkata North appeal references, operates under the Central Excise and Service Tax Rules together with the GST savings framework for legacy matters, and partially modifies the appellate allocation made on 7 April 2025.

Investigation of alleged misbehaviour or incapacity of the Chairperson or Members of the Cyber Appellate Tribunal follows a staged process under the Information Technology Act. A written complaint containing definite charges undergoes preliminary scrutiny by the Central Government. Where investigation is considered necessary, a three-member Committee comprising officials from the Cabinet Secretariat, the information technology department and the legal affairs department conducts the investigation, may record complainant evidence and collect relevant material, and submits findings to the President within the specified period.

Alleged bogus purchases are not fully taxable where the underlying purchases are not wholly fictitious, even if suppliers differ from those recorded in the books. Taxable income is limited to the profit element embedded in such purchases rather than the full purchase price. The addition is confined to 12.5% of the alleged purchases as the estimated embedded profit, notwithstanding repeated non-compliance during assessment and first appellate proceedings.

Chairperson and Members receive salary, allowances, leave, travel, conveyance, housing and medical benefits benchmarked to the Secretary to the Government of India or equivalent Group A officers. Pay of retired appointees is reduced by retirement benefits, while specified serving appointees retain pension and General Provident Fund coverage; others are covered by the Contributory Provident Fund. Oaths of office and secrecy, together with declarations against prejudicial financial or other interests, govern entry and continued service.

Salary and allowances of the Cyber Appellate Tribunal Chairperson and Members are made equivalent to those admissible to a Secretary to the Government of India, including associated benefits. Where the Chairperson is a retired Supreme Court or High Court Judge, pay is reduced by pension, Contributory Provident Fund contributions, or other retirement benefits drawn or receivable, and service conditions follow applicable Ministry of Finance instructions. Members retired from Central or State Government service are subject to an equivalent reduction in pay for retirement benefits.

The Index of Services Production is proposed to expand beyond its initial formal-sector coverage, which relies on high-frequency administrative data and GST outward-supplies data. Education, Human Health and Residential Care, and Public Administration and Defence are proposed for inclusion. Their incorporation would increase coverage of services-sector Gross Value Added and support aggregation of sub-sectoral indices into a unified measure of short-term services-sector movements. Stakeholder views are invited on the proposed methodology.

Intelligence-led customs enforcement targeted cross-border gold smuggling through surveillance and interception of four persons travelling from a border route. Personal searches recovered foreign-origin gold biscuits concealed in specially tailored cloth waist belts. Seventy-two gold biscuits were seized under relevant provisions of the Customs Act, 1962, and the four persons were arrested. Investigation continues into organised networks and wider syndicates involved in the movement and distribution of smuggled gold.

Section 10(2A) provides a residual composition levy for eligible service providers and mixed suppliers who cannot enter the conventional composition scheme. Eligibility depends on PAN-level aggregate turnover within the prescribed ceiling, collective election by all registrations under the PAN, and continuous compliance during the year. The combined 6% tax applies to turnover of supplies rather than profit, while composition taxpayers cannot collect tax separately or claim input tax credit. Inter-State outward supplies and platform-based services through specified electronic commerce operators remain restricted, and reverse-charge tax continues at regular rates.