The Central Government constitutes the Cyber Regulation Advisory Committee under section 88 of the Information Technology Act, 2000. It is chaired by the Minister for Information Technology and includes governmental, financial, investigative, technical, State, academic and industry representatives. Non-official members receive travelling and dearness allowance under Central Government rules at the Ministry of Information Technology's expense. The Committee may co-opt persons for specific meetings.

Licensing to issue Digital Signature Certificates requires prescribed eligibility, financial security, a Certification Practice Statement, identity-verification procedures, audit commitments and compliance undertakings. Commercial operations may begin only after adoption of the Certification Practice Statement, generation of the authority key pair, accredited audit of facilities and submission of domestic cross-certification arrangements. Certificates issue only on approved and verified subscriber applications, require privacy compliance and publication consent, carry designated expiry dates, and cannot be extended or reused after expiry. Cessation requires advance notices, revocation of outstanding certificates, record preservation and destruction of the certificate-signing private key.

Drug-abuse prevention awareness in opium-cultivation areas focused on the harms of opium, cannabis and other illicit drugs, informed refusal at first exposure, resistance to peer pressure, and prevention of progression from use to dependence. Programmes for students, cultivators and residents used interactive sessions, campaign banners, community pledges, Gram Sabha participation and cleanliness drives to promote healthy drug-free lifestyles, community participation and collective action against addiction.

NABKISAN Finance Limited listed India's first social bond dedicated exclusively to water, sanitation and hygiene on the National Stock Exchange. The five-year issue raised Rs. 180 crore, carries an 8.10% coupon, matures in September 2031, and holds domestic AAA stable credit ratings. Proceeds are earmarked for safe water, sanitation and hygiene solutions in rural and underserved communities.

NDPS Act enforcement involved three intelligence-led operations addressing trafficking of amphetamine, cocaine and heroin. Searches of a vehicle's spare tyre, chocolate tubes in cabin baggage, and a backpack carried in a car-pooling taxi revealed concealed substances that tested positive through field-testing kits. The amphetamine, cocaine and heroin were seized, along with the vehicle in the amphetamine operation, and five persons were arrested under the NDPS Act, 1985.

Revenue appeals in GST matters are subject to CBIC monetary thresholds intended to restrict unnecessary litigation. Appeals should generally be pursued only where the stipulated amount is exceeded or the issue has substantial, recurring or cascading revenue consequences. The residual "any other issue" ground requires prudent and limited use. Non-filing under the monetary-limit policy neither constitutes acquiescence nor gives the unappealed matter precedent value. Compliance with these limits is presented as a preliminary objection to sub-threshold departmental appeals.

ITC on capital installations requires determining whether the asset is immovable property under Section 17(5)(d). Earth-fastening for stability or safety does not by itself make modular equipment immovable where it can be unbolted, dismantled, and relocated without fatal damage or loss of commercial identity. For fixed assets, the functionality test considers whether the asset is indispensable to taxable outward supplies or continuous leasing. Claims require segregated EPC contracts, demountability evidence, operational mapping, appropriate plant-and-machinery capitalization, and no depreciation on the GST component.

Import and export prohibitions may be absolute or conditional, with conditions capable of being required before or after clearance. Prohibited goods include goods whose import or export is barred under the Customs Act or another law in force, while restricted goods require applicable licences, authorisations, permits, or clearances and compliance with attached conditions. Contravention may lead to detention, seizure, confiscation, monetary penalties, redemption fine where permitted, licence action, prosecution, and imprisonment in serious cases.

Input tax credit remains conditional on actual payment of the charged tax to the Government; payment of the invoice value to the supplier does not alone establish that condition. Supplier non-payment, retrospective cancellation, return discrepancies and alerts may trigger inquiry but cannot automatically justify reversal. Before issuing a notice, the proper officer must identify the supplier, invoices, period and precise default, disclose relied-upon material, examine evidence of receipt and commercial reality, and address supplier-side recovery. The applicable tax-period framework governs reversal, re-availment and the effect of subsequent tax payment.

Condonation of delay in a Revenue income-tax appeal was granted for a 341-day delay attributed to an inter-state transfer of jurisdiction, reconciliation of judicial records, and multi-level administrative scrutiny. Applying a pragmatic approach to sufficient cause, the delay was treated as bona fide despite objections that government litigation receives no privileged limitation treatment. The article emphasises that respondents should test every stage of delay through documentary proof, particularly where electronic records and e-filing reduce the force of routine file-movement explanations.

Assessing Officers must follow Income Tax Appellate Tribunal determinations unless their operation has been suspended by a competent court. Where the Tribunal has determined that a non-resident has no permanent establishment in India and that particular fees are not taxable, the payer cannot be treated as in default for failure to withhold tax. The withholding obligation arises only where payments are chargeable to tax in India.

Additional court-fee liability on a State GST appeal may operate separately from the statutory pre-deposit required under Section 107. The fee must be supported by the applicable State legislation and notification in force when the appeal was filed; a later notification cannot ordinarily impose a new liability retrospectively. Non-payment of a lawful court fee is a curable procedural defect and should be addressed before merits review. Where the first appellate authority has not considered the tax dispute, substantive issues should ordinarily remain for first-appellate determination after payment and a proper hearing.

Section 76 requires amounts collected as tax to be remitted to the Government but sets no deadline for issuing a show cause notice, although an order must follow within one year of notice. The resulting reasonable-period inquiry is fact-dependent and can be examined in statutory appeal. Where detailed adjudication follows a taxpayer's reply and hearing, the alternative statutory remedy ordinarily remains the appropriate forum; writ intervention despite an available appeal is exceptional.

Taxability must be determined before input tax credit eligibility. A blocked-credit inquiry presupposes a taxable inward supply on which tax has been lawfully charged. Where an assignment is outside the charge of GST, denial or reversal of input tax credit cannot retain the economic burden of an invalid levy. The restriction on credit for construction of immovable property applies only where expenditure has a clear nexus with construction-related activity on the taxable person's own account. Acquisition of existing leasehold rights without construction does not satisfy that requirement merely because the rights concern land.

Bank merger transfers the merged bank's assets, liabilities and customer accounts to the successor bank, so a cheque drawn on that account does not become invalid merely because the original bank ceases to exist. An endorsement that no such bank exists is insufficient, by itself, to negate the cheque where the successor bank has taken over the account. Allegations that the cheque was misplaced or the account closed require proof at trial and do not alone preclude proceedings for cheque dishonour under the Negotiable Instruments Act.

Transfer of the right to use goods requires the transferee to receive possession and effective control. Hiring privately owned buses to a State transport undertaking did not meet that test where owners remained responsible for operating and maintaining the vehicles, supplied drivers, bore statutory and accident-related liabilities, and retained physical control. The undertaking's authority to prescribe routes and schedules regulated service performance but did not confer exclusive possession or control. The arrangement operated as a licence or transport service arrangement, not a deemed sale taxable under the Andhra Pradesh VAT Act.

Electricity generated from bagasse and cleared outside the factory does not trigger the payment obligation under Rule 6(3) of the CENVAT Credit Rules, 2004. Bagasse, being agricultural waste or residue rather than an outcome of manufacture, falls outside the scope of Rule 6. Accordingly, electricity generated from bagasse, including electricity wheeled to a State electricity distribution authority, is not subject to payment of 6% of its value.

CENVAT credit for service tax paid on Business Support Services received from a group company is available where common corporate and operational support has a direct nexus with manufacturing. Allocation of the provider's expenses among group entities without an independent profit element does not alter the taxable character or value of invoiced services where tax has been paid and accepted. Credit should not be denied at the recipient's end by recharacterising those services while the provider's tax assessment remains unrevised. On that basis, disallowance of credit and consequential demand and penalty are unsustainable.

A mandatory appellate pre-deposit under Section 35F is not excise duty, so a duplicate deposit need not be claimed through the Section 11B refund procedure, which governs refunds of duty and related interest. Where duplicate credit is admitted and no bona fide basis exists for withholding it, the amount is refundable with interest at 12% per annum from the second receipt until payment, together with litigation costs.

Service tax paid under reverse charge on exempt goods transport agency services, despite no tax liability, is treated as a revenue deposit made under a mistake of law rather than duty. The amount falls outside the statutory duty-refund mechanism and must be refunded; retaining it lacks constitutional authority. As the payment is a deposit, the statutory interest regime for duty refunds does not apply. Compensatory interest at 12% per annum is payable from each deposit date until refund.