Attribution of an electronic record to its originator arises where the originator personally sends it, where it is sent by a person authorised to act for the originator in relation to that record, or where an information system programmed by or for the originator automatically transmits it.

Central Government rule-making power enables prescription of digital signature types, affixation formats, and identification procedures for persons affixing digital signatures. Rules may establish controls protecting the integrity, security and confidentiality of electronic records or payments and address other matters necessary to confer legal effect on digital signatures.

Electronic governance provisions do not create an enforceable entitlement to require governmental ministries, departments, authorities, or publicly controlled or funded bodies to use electronic records. Such bodies cannot be compelled to accept, issue, create, retain, or preserve documents electronically, or to conduct monetary transactions in electronic form. Electronic governance is enabled without imposing mandatory electronic acceptance or transaction processing on public bodies.

Publication in either the Official Gazette or Electronic Gazette fulfils a legal requirement that a rule, regulation, order, bye-law, notification or other matter be published in the Official Gazette. Where publication occurs in either form, the legally deemed publication date is the date of the Gazette first published in any form.

Electronic retention satisfies a legal requirement to preserve records for a specified period where the information remains accessible for subsequent reference, is retained in its original format or an accurately representative format, and contains details identifying its origin, destination, and dispatch or receipt time. Automatically generated transmission-enabling information is excluded from the identification-detail requirement. The provision does not apply where another law expressly requires electronic retention.

Section 6 enables electronic governance by treating requirements for government filings, licences, approvals, receipts and payments as satisfied when completed through electronic forms prescribed by the appropriate Government. The appropriate Government may make rules governing the manner and format for filing, creating or issuing electronic records, and the method for payment of related fees or charges.

Legal recognition is accorded to digital signatures for statutory authentication and signature requirements. A legal requirement for information or another matter to be authenticated by signature, or for a document to be signed or bear a signature, is satisfied when a digital signature is affixed in the manner prescribed by the Central Government.

Section 4 grants legal recognition to electronic records where another law requires information or other matter to be in writing, typewritten, or printed form. The requirement is fulfilled when the information is made available electronically and remains accessible for subsequent reference.

Authentication of electronic records permits a subscriber to authenticate an electronic record by affixing a digital signature. Authentication is effected through an asymmetric cryptographic system and hash function. The same electronic record produces the same hash result, while reconstruction of the original record from that result and identical results from two electronic records must be computationally infeasible. Verification may be performed using the subscriber's public key; the private and public keys are unique to the subscriber and constitute a functioning key pair.

RITU BAHRI AND MANISHA BATRA JJ. Mr. Prakash Shah, Advocate with Mr. Adarsh, Advocate for the petitioner. Mr. Sourabh Goel, Senior Standing Counsel, CBIC for respondents No. 1, 5 and 6. Mr. Saurabh Kapoor, Addl.A.G., Punjab. Mr. Chetan Mittal, Sr. Advocate with Mr. Vivek Singla, Advocate and Mr. Himanshu Gupta, Advocate for respondents No. 3 and 4. ORDER Learned counsel for the petitioners has handed over a recent judgment of Hon'ble Supreme Court passed in Civil Appeal D... ... ...

Electronic transactions are defined through computer resources, data, electronic records, originators, addressees and intermediaries. Digital signature authentication uses an asymmetric cryptographic key pair: a private key creates the signature and the related public key verifies both the signer's use of the corresponding private key and the integrity of the electronic record. Digital Signature Certificates are issued to subscribers through licensed Certifying Authorities. Secure systems must reasonably prevent unauthorised access and misuse, operate reliably, serve intended functions and follow generally accepted security procedures.

Information Technology Act, 2000 gives legal recognition to electronic communications and electronic commerce, facilitates electronic filing with Government agencies, and promotes reliable electronic records. It applies throughout India and, subject to its provisions, to offences and contraventions committed outside India. Different provisions may commence on different notified dates. Specified instruments and transactions, including negotiable instruments, powers of attorney, trusts, wills, and transactions involving immovable property, remain excluded; further exclusions may be notified.

Inter-CFS movement of LCL export cargo from authorised originating CFSs to Allcargo Terminals Ltd. CFS is permitted after grant of a Let Export Order, with cargo moved in Customs-sealed containers for consolidation or assimilation and subsequent export. Each Shipping Bill must move in full; stuffing, sealing, document transfer, gate-out, unloading, de-stuffing, re-stuffing and final removal require Customs supervision, seal verification, endorsements and bond debits. Destination operations require tally records, shipment within 30 days, periodic reporting, safe custody and segregation of cargo. Custodians remain liable for losses, unlawful substitution and non-compliance.

Roasted areca nuts, whether whole, split or cut, fall under tariff item 2008 19 20 as other roasted nuts and seeds. Chapter 20 covers nuts otherwise prepared or preserved, whereas Chapter 8 is confined to drying, dehydration and moderate heat treatment. Repeated high-temperature roasting and cooling produces changes distinct from the processes permitted for Chapter 8 products. HSN Explanatory Notes expressly include dry-roasted, oil-roasted and fat-roasted areca or betel nuts under heading 2008. The specific tariff entry for roasted nuts prevails over the general entry for dried nuts, without recourse to common parlance.

Customs EDI procedures require Customs officers to draw samples when an online AQCS request is made for a Bill of Entry marked for a No Objection Certificate. The system displays a sampling prompt during examination and Out-of-Charge, and prevents clearance unless the requested sample is drawn. Officers must generate and electronically transmit the test memo, dispatch the physical sample with a test memo copy, and access the digitally integrated test report through NOC details.

United States-China trade relations may remain governed by the Busan Agreement through January 10 under a stated two-month extension, though Chinese official confirmation is pending. The arrangement maintains pauses on elevated tariffs and prior rollbacks of restrictions affecting critical minerals and high-technology exports. Negotiations may produce a broader economic package or further continuation of existing terms, while implementation of agreed commitments is under review. The parties have also proposed reciprocal alerts on AI-related hacking incidents involving national-security concerns.

Recruitment to Group 'A' and Group 'B' Tribunal posts is regulated through prescribed classifications, recruitment channels, qualifications, training, probation, and selection procedures. Registrar, Financial Advisor, Senior Accounts Officer, and Accountant are filled by deputation. Deputy Registrar, Assistant Registrar, Assistant, and stenographic posts use promotion and deputation channels, with feeder-grade service and mandatory training requirements. Legal Assistant posts are filled by direct recruitment requiring a law degree, probation, and induction training. Reservation safeguards, marriage-related disqualification, and Central Government power to relax provisions apply.

GST treatment of electricity-charge reimbursements is queried where a warehouse owner separately recovers electricity charges paid on behalf of a tenant through a reimbursement invoice. The issue concerns whether GST applies to the recovered electricity amount and whether charging GST on that invoice creates a compliance concern if the amount is not taxable.

Testamentary capacity remained intact despite asthma and cough where the testator understood his affairs and voluntarily made the disposition. Evidence from the scribe and an attesting witness that the Will was executed, read over and accepted by the testator supported its genuineness. Exclusion of the widow and minor daughter did not create unresolved suspicion because the Will covered only part of the estate, leaving substantial property available to them, and the beneficiary had cared for the testator while the beneficiary's family bore the last-rites expenses. These circumstances supported validity free from suspicious circumstances.

Transfer of tenancy rights for consideration in the form of tenancy premium constitutes a supply of services liable to GST. Stamp duty and registration charges do not remove the transaction from GST, and transfer of tenancy rights is not treated as sale of land or building. Grant of tenancy rights in a residential dwelling for use as a residence is exempt, whether consideration comprises tenancy premium, periodic rent, or both. Surrender of tenancy rights by an outgoing tenant for a portion of the tenancy premium remains taxable.