Permissible subject areas for courses and research programmes in GIFT IFSC include Financial Management, FinTech, Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics. International Branch Campuses and Offshore Education Centres may operate within these specified academic domains.

Pending drawback claims caused by PFMS account non-validation require exporters to verify the listed IECs and shipping bills reflecting undistributed amounts. Exporters must submit online requests through ICEGATE to register or modify AD code and bank account details, and electronically upload a passbook copy or bank authorisation letter through e-Sanchit. The ICEGATE dashboard enables monitoring of approval and PFMS acceptance status for rectification of deficiencies.

An IBC is a branch campus established by a Foreign University, while an OEC is a branch centre established by a Foreign Educational Institution other than a Foreign University. Each may operate on a stand-alone basis or in another permitted form in GIFT IFSC, deliver accredited courses and research programmes, and be registered with the Authority. The parent entity or applicant is the foreign institution seeking to establish and operate the relevant IBC or OEC.

Registration under the framework applies to an International Branch Campus of a Foreign University and, respectively, an Offshore Educational Centre of a Foreign Educational Institution seeking registration. Applicability is confined to those specified campus and centre arrangements.

International branch campuses and offshore education centres may be established in GIFT IFSC by eligible foreign educational providers. Foreign universities may establish International Branch Campuses on a stand-alone basis or in another form permitted by the Authority, while foreign educational institutions other than foreign universities may establish Offshore Education Centres. Registration is intended to follow an objective and transparent process for accredited courses, research programmes and executive education recognised for offering in GIFT IFSC.

Functions under section 74A of the Goa Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 are assigned to Deputy Commissioners of State Tax, State Tax Officers and Assistant State Tax Officers. The assigned functions cover specified sub-sections of section 74A and must be exercised within the respective officers' jurisdictions unless otherwise directed. The assignment supplements previously assigned functions and remains subject to conditions and restrictions imposed by the Commissioner.

PSF and UDF are consideration for airport services supplied to passengers and are subject to GST payable by airport operators. Airlines collect those charges as pure agents only if the pure-agent requirements are satisfied, including authorised payment, separate invoice disclosure, lack of title or own use, and recovery limited to actual amounts. Such charges and GST are excluded from airline supply value; airlines cannot claim related input tax credit. Registered passengers may claim input tax credit based on the airline's pure-agent invoice. Airline collection charges remain subject to GST under forward charge.

M/s. JWC Logistics Park Pvt. Ltd. remains appointed as Custodian for imported goods at its Container Freight Station until clearance for home consumption, warehousing, or transshipment, and for export cargo until exportation. Its approval as Customs Cargo Services Provider is subject to compliance with the Customs Act, 1962, the Handling of Cargo in Customs Areas Regulations, 2009, and related legal requirements. The appointment and approval operate for five years from 12 January 2020, subject to review where required.

Penalty under Section 271(1)(c) was unsustainable because most underlying additions had been deleted in quantum proceedings, while the surviving corporate-guarantee adjustment involved a debatable issue over whether it constituted an international transaction and an estimated arm's-length rate. The remaining expenditure disallowance relating to exempt income was substantially reduced and was formula-based and notional. These adjustments, without more, did not establish concealment of income or furnishing of inaccurate particulars; deletion of the penalty was therefore upheld.

Returned GST registration welcome letters indicating an unverifiable address require prompt verification of the declared principal and additional places of business. The jurisdictional officer must inspect registration documents, verify possession and actual business presence through physical visits, photographs and statements, and determine whether the taxpayer shifted from the premises or never had access to it. A fictitious or unverifiable address requires registration cancellation proceedings, while a genuine taxpayer affected by address discrepancies must amend registration particulars. Verification reports and consequential action must be completed within prescribed time limits, followed by compliance monitoring.

Rupee appreciation in early interbank trading saw the currency strengthen by 24 paise to 95.72 per US dollar. Lower Brent crude prices, gains in domestic equities and improved foreign fund sentiment supported the currency, while importer demand for dollars and broader US-dollar strength limited gains. Market commentary identified a broad near-term trading range, and foreign-exchange reserves declined because foreign-currency and gold reserves fell.

A registered person whose refund claim was rejected in FORM GST RFD-06 but subsequently allowed in appeal or another forum must file a fresh FORM GST RFD-01 application under the specified refund category. Amount previously debited from the electronic credit ledger and not re-credited pending appeal need not be debited again. The proper officer processes the amount allowed, issues FORM GST RFD-06 and FORM GST RFD-05, and re-credits any balance that remains rejected in accordance with prescribed guidelines.

Digital-signature users with tokens issued on or after 21 September 2026 must install emSigner v3.3, while users whose existing certificates and tokens function normally may retain their current version. Version 3.3 supports existing tokens and is required where signing fails or certificates cannot be selected despite correctly installed drivers. Certificates downloaded to FIPS 140-2 dongles on or before that date remain valid until expiry; later renewal or fresh issuance generally requires FIPS 140-3 dongles, subject to specified exceptions.

Licence fees and application fees paid for State Government licences relating to alcoholic liquor for human consumption are not subject to GST. State grants of such licences are treated as neither a supply of goods nor a supply of services. The corresponding service of granting liquor licences was exempt from service tax for the pre-GST period from 1 April 2016 to 30 June 2017. This special treatment is limited to liquor licences; other governmental licences, privileges and rights granted for consideration remain taxable, generally under reverse charge.

GST on directors' remuneration depends on employee status and the nature of the payment. Remuneration paid to independent directors and other non-employee directors is taxable, with the company liable under reverse charge. Salary recorded in the company's books and subjected to tax deduction at source as salary is treated as employee remuneration outside Schedule III. Separately recorded non-salary remuneration subjected to tax deduction as professional or technical fees is treated as taxable consideration, and the company must discharge GST under reverse charge.

Development financing for Viksit Bharat is framed as a joint Union-State and private-sector task requiring higher savings and investment, fiscally resilient public finances, and mechanisms to mobilise private capital. Fiscal sustainability requires State-wise debt assessments and fuller disclosure of off-budget borrowings, guarantees, arrears and borrowings through State-owned entities. Public resources are expected to play a catalytic role in attracting private investment, supported by predictable rules, enforceable contracts, faster dispute resolution and stronger investment protections.

The PMLA-IBC interface addresses reconciliation of insolvency resolution with anti-money-laundering enforcement where corporate debtor assets are attached during resolution. Section 32A is central to this interaction, although harmonised implementation remains challenging. The framework also considers money-laundering stages, hawala transactions, financial investigation, asset tracing, and evolving judicial approaches to aligning insolvency objectives with enforcement measures.

Subordinate legislation and regulatory mechanisms are important tools for maintaining responsiveness within the insolvency framework. Regulations may be framed for provisions of the Code and for fulfilment of its purposes and objectives, enabling practical responses to emerging issues. The interaction between primary legislation, regulations and market developments supports continuing refinement of insolvency law in line with changing conditions.

Depreciation on newly acquired assets is restricted to 50% of the prescribed rate where the asset is acquired during the tax year and put to use for less than 180 days. The 2025 wording omits the expression "for a period" used in the corresponding 1961 provision. While the earlier expression is understood to refer to the elapsed period of use rather than actual working days, the revised wording may support an interpretation based on actual operational days, potentially causing disputes over full-year depreciation eligibility.

Rule 26(3) makes authentication of GST notices and adjudication orders mandatory through the prescribed signature or verification method. Portal upload, reference numbers, electronic generation, and an officer's authenticated login may evidence system access or transmission, but cannot replace authentication of the statutory document. Complete absence of authentication is a foundational defect: the notice or order is non est, cannot be cured as a minor procedural error, and cannot sustain recovery founded on it.