Section 119(2)(b) permits exceptional admission of a delayed exemption, deduction or refund claim after the revised-return period under Section 139(5) has expired, where this is necessary to avoid genuine hardship. Condonation removes only the procedural bar; exemption, taxability, refund and interest remain subject to independent merits determination under the applicable provisions. Genuine hardship requires a fact-sensitive assessment of bona fides, promptness, the nature of the omission and the practical consequence of refusal. Prima facie verification may test whether the claim is genuine and supportable, but must not become a final adjudication. Comparable decisions may establish that a claim is arguable, while factual verification and substantive scrutiny remain available after admission.

Verified actual TDS deduction supports credit even where the deductor fails to deposit tax, file statements, issue Form 16 or Form 16A, or generate a Form 26AS entry. Section 205 prevents direct or indirect recovery from the deductee to the extent tax was deducted, including adjustment of refunds; post-deduction default remains actionable against the deductor. Section 199 and Rule 37BA require a verification-based credit process harmonised with that protection. The taxpayer must provide reliable, payment-specific evidence, such as payslips, invoices, bank records, payer correspondence or confirmations. The Assessing Officer must conduct factual verification; unsubstantiated claims receive no protection. The stated position is confined to domestic transactions.

Article 21's guarantee of fair procedure encompasses timely pronouncement of reserved judgments. A binding framework requires High Courts to endeavour to pronounce reasoned judgments within three months of reservation, with administrative escalation, rehearing before another Bench where delay continues, and applications for early pronouncement or reassignment. Liberty matters require extra promptitude: reserved bail matters should ordinarily be decided and uploaded the next day, and orders granting bail, suspending sentence or acquitting persons in custody require immediate communication and release subject to stated exceptions. Operative-part orders are exceptional; reasons must be uploaded within seven days, or within fifteen days where p.....

PFUTP liability for alleged settlement-price depression requires cogent evidence of a manipulative act directed at producing an artificial price, not merely a large short derivatives position, closing-window cash sales, or sell orders below the last traded price. Fraud under Regulation 2(1)(c) ordinarily requires inducement; where inducement is not directly established, manipulation requires compelling evidence from market-wide activity, execution mechanics, commercial rationale, and causal price impact. Position-limit breaches and agency-based concentration may support disclosure penalties but do not alone prove fraud. Combined exposure across all derivative contracts must be considered where required by the governing framework. Failure to establish intended price depression precluded PFUTP fraud and disgorgement, while the non-disclosure penalty remained.

Foreign LTC/LFC payments involving an overseas leg or circuitous route fall outside the Section 10(5) exemption, which Rule 2B limits to actual eligible travel to a place in India and shortest-route fare ceilings. Reimbursement limited to a domestic-fare equivalent or a domestic segment does not preserve the exemption. Under Section 192, employers must include known non-exempt payments in estimated salary and deduct tax based on available claim particulars, although they have no unlimited verification duty. Interim recovery restraints do not automatically suspend TDS obligations. Section 201 relief requires recipient-specific return, tax-payment and accountant-certificate proof; interest and Section 271C penalty require separate analysis, including reasonable cause.

Delayed tax payment interest applies only to tax paid through the electronic cash ledger where a declared return is filed late, except where proceedings under sections 73 or 74 have commenced. In other cases, interest runs on unpaid tax from the due date until payment. Interest on wrongly availed and utilised input tax credit runs from utilisation until reversal or payment. Utilisation occurs when the electronic credit ledger balance falls below the wrongly availed credit, with the relevant date determined by the return-payment or ledger-debit mechanism.

Section 74 of the CGST Act permits the extended limitation route only where a show cause notice states factual grounds showing that tax short-payment, erroneous refund, or wrongful input tax credit arose by reason of fraud, wilful misstatement, or suppression intended to evade tax. Bare statutory labels, audit objections, later affidavits, or new grounds in an order cannot cure a notice lacking that jurisdictional foundation. Section 75(7) confines confirmation to grounds specified in the notice, while Section 75(2) may deem a validly founded Section 74 notice to be under Section 73 if aggravated conduct is not established. Deliberate conduct, causal nexus, and taxpayer disclosure are central to extended limitation.

Fees collected through unregistered investment advisory activity could not be retained merely because only the sole complainant received a refund and public notices produced no further claims. The quantified fees had attained finality because they were not challenged in the earlier determination. Refund directions required repayment of sums received from complainants or investors and submission of a certified completion report. The recovery certificate therefore remained valid, as the absence of additional refund claims did not displace the obligation to surrender fees collected through unauthorised advisory services.

Unexplained-money additions require the taxpayer to establish a credible source at the initial stage. Bank withdrawals inconsistent with claimed cash contributions, reliance on cash despite available bank accounts, non-production of contributors, and unsupported pooling explanations may leave that burden unmet; in those circumstances, further departmental summons or cross-examination are not required. Conversely, where a taxpayer's asserted higher collection is rejected, it cannot be selectively relied on to assess unexplained money above the cash seized without independent incriminating material. The taxable amount is consequently confined to the seized cash.

Section 18(4) requires a person who has availed input tax credit and opts for composition taxation to debit the electronic credit ledger by an amount equivalent to the credit. Rule 3(3) contains an electronic filing requirement for persons opting for composition taxation, while Rule 44(3) addresses stock where invoices are unavailable. The issue is whether non-filing of Form ITC-03, despite non-availment of credit, supports a proposed general penalty under section 125.

Unsold flats held by a builder as stock-in-trade retain their character as business stock. Where no jurisdictional High Court view governs conflicting interpretations of sections 22 and 23 of the Income-tax Act, the interpretation favourable to the assessee applies. Under that approach, income attributable to such flats is treated as business income rather than income from house property. Consequently, no notional annual letting value of unsold stock-in-trade flats is assessable under the head income from house property, and the related addition is deleted.

Revisionary jurisdiction under section 263 applies where an assessment order is both erroneous and prejudicial to Revenue because vital matters received no adequate enquiry. Examination must address the basis and parameters of discounted cash flow share valuation, sources of share-application money and unsecured loans, abnormal turnover, and potential cash loans. Mere notices seeking particulars do not establish sufficient enquiry where the record contains no relevant replies or verification. A perfunctory, non-speaking assessment on such material issues is consequently subject to valid revision.

Input tax credit is available only where supplier-furnished invoice or debit-note details are reflected in outward-supplies reporting and communicated to the recipient in FORM GSTR-2B. Goods or conveyances detained in transit may be sold through auction where the applicable penalty remains unpaid after the prescribed period, subject to inventory, valuation, notice, bidding, payment, and release procedures. Sale proceeds are applied to recovery costs, penalty or dues, and other GST liabilities before any balance is returned. Provisional attachment orders must be communicated to the affected person, who may file objections in FORM GST DRC-22A.

Sections 69A and 69C require proof of the assessee's ownership of money and actual unexplained expenditure; uncorroborated third-party statements, WhatsApp communications, and diary entries showing third-party cash movement do not alone satisfy those conditions. Where records establish only cash-transportation activity or an integrated receipt-and-payment flow, gross receipts and payments cannot be taxed separately; tax is confined to proven commission income or net receipt. Alleged interest and cash differentials require evidence of an independent unexplained accretion or income attributable to the assessee. By contrast, the stamp-duty differential on immovable property is taxable under Section 56(2)(x)(b) where the adopted value exceeds consideration beyond the prescribed limit and remains unrebutted.

Section 5 of the Limitation Act, 1963 applies to a special statutory appeal through Section 29(2) unless the governing enactment excludes it expressly or by necessary implication. A special limitation period alone is insufficient to exclude condonation. Restrictive language, a defined maximum condonable period, or a complete statutory limitation code may create a non-extendable outer limit. Section 9 of the Chhattisgarh Rajya Suraksha Adhiniyam contains a 30-day appeal period and excludes certified-copy time, but lacks an express bar or outer condonation ceiling; delay may therefore be considered upon proof of sufficient cause.

Ex parte revisionary proceedings warrant reconsideration on merits where, despite the assessee's non-appearance on three scheduled dates, the issues involved and interests of justice justify a further hearing. The revisionary authority is to provide the assessee an opportunity of hearing before fresh adjudication on merits, rather than determining the matter solely through an ex parte process.

Eligible listed issuers regulated by SEBI, RBI, IRDAI or PFRDA may privately place debt securities without appointing a merchant banker if all prescribed conditions are met. The issuer must have been listed for at least one year, have no pending SEBI or stock-exchange fines or penalties for applicable listing-compliance breaches, and have no payment default during the preceding three financial years or current financial year, supported by a statutory auditor's certificate. The debt must generally be senior, secured by a first or pari passu charge, and rated at least AA-, based on the lowest rating where multiple ratings exist. Stock exchanges must prescribe operational disclosures and monitor compliance. The changes apply immediately.

Listed Central Excise and Service Tax appeals filed on or after 1 July 2017 are reassigned, in partial modification of the earlier allocation order, to the designated Commissioners of the Kolkata Appeal-II and Howrah Commissionerates. The reassignment covers the appeals identified in the annexure for disposal through Orders-in-Appeal under the Central Excise Act, 1944 or the Finance Act, 1994, as applicable. It governs pre-GST matters concerning acts or omissions before the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 came into force.

Exporters at Non-EDI Customs locations must furnish physical Export Declaration Forms (EDFs) specifying the full export value at the time of export. Customs Commissioners must ensure that EDFs are authenticated by the specified authority and forwarded to the Authorised Dealer named in the form. Wherever practicable, transmission must occur electronically from a single official Government email address to reduce misuse and forged-document risks, with internal records maintained for all authenticated and forwarded EDFs. EDI-port EDFs remain deemed submitted with the Shipping Bill. Non-EDI locations must implement this mechanism from 1 October 2026.

Chennai Container Terminal's O Yard CFS is declared a customs area under section 8(b) of the Customs Act, 1962, for imported FCL and LCL cargo, including unaccompanied baggage, arriving from Kamarajar Port, and for export cargo until export. Cargo handling must comply with the Handling of Cargo in Customs Areas Regulations, 2009 and applicable customs procedures. The declaration takes effect on 30 September 2026.