Head Office cost allocation requires prescribed transfer-pricing methods; treaty ceilings bar surcharge and cess, while duplicate taxation is excluded...
Cost-to-cost reimbursement of seconded employees is not service consideration; transfer-pricing markup was deleted and amalgamation amortisation allow...
Crystallisation of liability supports prior-period expense deduction, while functionally distinct divisions require separate transfer-pricing benchmar...
Functional comparability under TNMM requires transaction-specific FAR analysis before benchmarking business-support services provided to associated en...
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Transfer-pricing comparability under TNMM requires a FAR analysis; company size may support a turnover filter, excluding high-turnover entities when determining arm's length remuneration for software development services. Where depreciation materially differs because of asset types, technology or investment levels, a cash profit level indicator excluding depreciation may compare real margins. Provision for bad and doubtful debts remains operating expenditure unless extraordinary. Free-use testing equipment supplied by an associated enterprise does not create a taxable business perquisite where ownership remains with the enterprise, no depreciation is claimed, and use is confined to testing software for it.
Transfer-pricing comparability under TNMM requires a FAR analysis; company size may support a turnover filter, excluding high-turnover entities when determining arm's length remuneration for software development services. Where depreciation materially differs because of asset types, technology or investment levels, a cash profit level indicator excluding depreciation may compare real margins. Provision for bad and doubtful debts remains operating expenditure unless extraordinary. Free-use testing equipment supplied by an associated enterprise does not create a taxable business perquisite where ownership remains with the enterprise, no depreciation is claimed, and use is confined to testing software for it.
Note: It is a system-generated summary and is for quick reference only.
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