Vicarious liability for dishonoured company cheques may extend to non-signatory directors where complaints contain foundational responsibility avermen...
Charitable registration turns on predominant purpose and genuine activities, while incidental fees and related-party rent require supporting adverse m...
MAT book-profit adjustments exclude disallowances for exempt-income expenditure and demerger expenditure unless expressly listed under the statutory c...
HC ruled against treating NIPL (subsidiary) as a Permanent Establishment (PE) of Nokia OY (parent company). The court emphasized that Article 5(8) of DTAA requires more than mere parent-subsidiary control to establish PE status. The existence of PE must be evaluated based on empirical standards and objective evidence rather than perceptions or virtual projection theories. The court rejected arguments for both Fixed Place PE and Dependent Agent PE (DAPE), noting that parent company oversight and supervision of a subsidiary does not negate the latter's independent economic existence. The appellants failed to prove NIPL was operating Nokia OY's business as its adjunct. Software taxation issue was decided against appellants following Engineering Analysis Centre precedent.
HC ruled against treating NIPL (subsidiary) as a Permanent Establishment (PE) of Nokia OY (parent company). The court emphasized that Article 5(8) of DTAA requires more than mere parent-subsidiary control to establish PE status. The existence of PE must be evaluated based on empirical standards and objective evidence rather than perceptions or virtual projection theories. The court rejected arguments for both Fixed Place PE and Dependent Agent PE (DAPE), noting that parent company oversight and supervision of a subsidiary does not negate the latter's independent economic existence. The appellants failed to prove NIPL was operating Nokia OY's business as its adjunct. Software taxation issue was decided against appellants following Engineering Analysis Centre precedent.
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