Embezzlement losses in charitable institutions remain allowable when misappropriation is established, irrecoverable, and not a specified-person benefi...
National long-distance undertaking status supports deduction where separately licensed infrastructure, resources, revenue, and expenditure establish c...
Agency reimbursement income follows contractual deposit-liability computation, while pending deposit collections do not constitute deemed-dividend loa...
Membership-consent thresholds for oppression petitions are satisfied by unchallenged voter-list consents, while unsupported forgery claims require pro...
Dishonour of cheque case instituted within 30 days from legal notice date satisfies condition precedent for cognizance u/s 138 and 142(b) of NI Act. Complaint within limitation even if presumption of notice service within reasonable 30 days applied. Complainant not required to prove notice service before institution; accused to rebut deemed service presumption under Evidence Act. Trial courts must ensure compliance with NI Act provisions at registration stage. Appellate court judgment set aside, case remitted for fresh hearing.
Dishonour of cheque case instituted within 30 days from legal notice date satisfies condition precedent for cognizance u/s 138 and 142(b) of NI Act. Complaint within limitation even if presumption of notice service within reasonable 30 days applied. Complainant not required to prove notice service before institution; accused to rebut deemed service presumption under Evidence Act. Trial courts must ensure compliance with NI Act provisions at registration stage. Appellate court judgment set aside, case remitted for fresh hearing.
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