Reassessment of a dissolved firm fails where successor income was already assessed and recorded reasons lacked transaction-specific material.

Commission expenditure linked to pharmaceutical marketing income qualifies as business deduction when recipient identity, genuineness and business pur...

Section 87A rebate applies to tax on listed equity short-term capital gains taxed at the special rate.

Unabsorbed depreciation retains its character and can offset house-property income despite absence of positive business income.

Business expenditure and hedging premium claims remain allowable, while plant-related receipts reduce capital work-in-progress.

Captive wind-power profits use consumer tariff for deduction; unsupported payment disallowance for alleged withholding failures cannot stand.

Indexed cost of improvement requires proof of actual works and payments; estimates and quotations cannot support the claim.

Penny-stock sale additions require taxpayer-linked evidence, while undisclosed exempt capital gains can justify reassessment proceedings.

Evidentiary currency seizure under customs law remains retainable despite expiry of the notice period for confiscation proceedings.

Unjust enrichment in customs refunds fails where sales evidence proves duty incidence was not passed to buyers.

Customs detention starts the notice limitation period, invalidating extensions issued after the original period expires.

Customs detention without seizure requirements is arbitrary; imported goods require conditional release while assessment and adjudication continue.

Customs show cause adjudication must meet statutory timelines; procedural amendments cannot revive stale or delayed claims.

Country of Origin Certificates and declared transaction value supported preferential customs exemption where authenticity and invoice prices remained ...

Social Welfare Surcharge requires actual collection of basic customs duty, not MEIS or SEIS scrip debits.

Lawful domestic procurement evidence defeats gold confiscation when authorities fail to verify documents or prove smuggling and currency-sale links.

Burden of proof for foreign-origin gold requires lawful import evidence; unsupported claims can trigger confiscation and penalties.

Vegetable extract classification: standardising oil and antioxidant additions do not convert Keranat into a residual food preparation.

Front-running allegations require SEBI's statutory complaint, barring investor FIRs that seek to prosecute securities-market offences directly.

Use of alleged crime proceeds for another company's liabilities rejected; interim release of frozen funds set aside.