Faceless assessment safeguards require requested personal hearings and adequate final show-cause response time, failing which reassessment is required...
Embezzlement losses in charitable institutions remain allowable when misappropriation is established, irrecoverable, and not a specified-person benefi...
National long-distance undertaking status supports deduction where separately licensed infrastructure, resources, revenue, and expenditure establish c...
Agency reimbursement income follows contractual deposit-liability computation, while pending deposit collections do not constitute deemed-dividend loa...
Admission of a cheque signature activates the presumptions of consideration and legally enforceable debt or liability under Sections 118(a) and 139 of the Negotiable Instruments Act. The drawer then bears an evidentiary burden to raise a probable, evidence-based defence on the preponderance of probabilities; bare denials, unsupported claims of misuse, or a blank-cheque plea ordinarily do not rebut the presumptions. Financial capacity of the complainant becomes material only after a credible and specific challenge. These presumptions do not remove the requirement to establish the procedural ingredients of Section 138, including dishonour, timely demand notice, non-payment, and timely complaint.
Admission of a cheque signature activates the presumptions of consideration and legally enforceable debt or liability under Sections 118(a) and 139 of the Negotiable Instruments Act. The drawer then bears an evidentiary burden to raise a probable, evidence-based defence on the preponderance of probabilities; bare denials, unsupported claims of misuse, or a blank-cheque plea ordinarily do not rebut the presumptions. Financial capacity of the complainant becomes material only after a credible and specific challenge. These presumptions do not remove the requirement to establish the procedural ingredients of Section 138, including dishonour, timely demand notice, non-payment, and timely complaint.
Note: It is a system-generated summary and is for quick reference only.
TaxTMI 
TaxTMI 
of 4884 
