Direct oral evidence requires firsthand perception, subject to limited expert treatise proof and judicial inspection of material objects.

Direct oral evidence must be given by a witness with firsthand knowledge of the fact asserted. Facts capable of being seen, heard, or otherwise perceived must be proved by the person who directly perceived them, while opinion evidence must come from the person holding that opinion. Expert treatises may prove expert opinions in specified circumstances of the author's unavailability. The court may require a material object, other than a document, to be produced for inspection.

---

---

---