Jurisdiction of Bench based on respondent's residence or place of business; cause of action and deemed place rules govern venue.

Jurisdiction is anchored to the respondent's territorial connection: where the respondent actually and voluntarily resides, carries on business, or personally works for gain when proceedings are instituted; for multiple respondents jurisdiction can rest on any respondent subject to leave of the Bench or acquiescence by others; jurisdiction also arises where the cause of action, wholly or in part, occurs. Certain categories of respondents are deemed to carry on business at their sole or principal place of business in India, at their registered office in India, or at a subordinate office, thereby fixing venue.

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