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    Case LawsIncome Tax
    Reassessing Accommodation Entries: Insights from a High Court Judgment
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    A Judicial Perspective on Section 148A of the Income Tax Act: Amended Reassessment Provisions
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    Case LawsIncome Tax
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    Reassessment under Section 148A: disputed factual issues on accommodation entries directed to the assessing officer for factual determination.
    The High Court required detailed scrutiny of alleged accommodation entries and the genuineness of share transactions under the reassessment procedure, noting taxpayers' disclosure of income as Short Term Capital Gains. Applying precedents on judicial review, the court held that disputed factual questions and the procedural validity of reassessment are to be determined by the Assessing Officer rather than in writ proceedings, absent evidence of arbitrariness or limitation breach.
    Case LawsIncome Tax
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    Section 148A preliminary enquiry limits inquiry to existence of information before reassessment and preserves assessee procedural rights.
    Preliminary enquiries under the post amendment reassessment procedure require the assessing officer to possess tangible information suggesting escaped income and to afford the assessee an opportunity to respond before issuing a reassessment notice; the officer's inquiry at this stage is limited to ascertaining existence of such information and does not adjudicate the merits, while procedural protections-objection, access to information, and appellate remedies-remain available.
    Case LawsCustoms
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    Co accused statements: cannot alone ground smuggling conviction; requires corroboration and procedural compliance to protect presumption of innocence.
    A solitary declaration by a co accused is insufficient to establish participation in a smuggling offence without independent corroborative evidence linking the accused to the seized goods or operation; reliance on such statements without examination and opportunity for cross examination undermines their evidentiary value and contravenes fair trial protections and the presumption of innocence.
    Case LawsIncome Tax
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    Monetary limits for appeals reshape Revenue litigation strategy, reducing low stake appeals and encouraging selective prosecution.
    The court treated CBDT instructions on monetary limits as possessing binding effect within the statutory appeals framework, harmonising the right to appeal with monetary limit provisions and applying policy considerations from the National Litigation Policy to limit low stake Revenue appeals; this approach affects Revenue litigation strategy, judicial resource allocation, taxpayer relief, and invites possible legislative clarification regarding retrospective or prospective application.
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    Misdeclaration of goods: deliberate misstatements attract differential duty, redemption fines and potential confiscation under customs law.
    Misdeclaration of goods in declared quantity and weight violates the statutory declaration regime; an accurate declaration is essential to duty assessment, and material, deliberate discrepancies justify imposition of differential duty, redemption fines and potential confiscation to protect revenue and deter evasion.
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    Procedural fairness in GST notices: ensure intimation precedes show cause notice and allow reasonable opportunity to reply.
    The case addresses non-compliance with GST notice procedures where intimation in Form GST DRC-01A and a show cause notice under Section 74(1) were issued simultaneously, depriving the taxpayer of a statutory opportunity to reply. Emphasising procedural fairness and the right to a fair hearing, the court required that the taxpayer be allowed to file a response within a specified timeframe and that further proceedings, including any fresh notice, follow after consideration of that reply.
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    Penalty notice specificity: lack of clarity requires proof of actual prejudice before challenging tax penalties.
    Penalty notices under Section 271(1)(c) read with Section 274 must clearly communicate the specific charge to secure a fair hearing; failure to object during proceedings may constitute acquiescence. Procedural defects do not invalidate penalty proceedings unless the affected party proves actual prejudice, and the burden of demonstrating such prejudice lies with the party alleging breach of natural justice.
    Case LawsIncome Tax
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    Furnishing inaccurate particulars cannot be presumed from mere disallowance; defective notices and bona fide claims constrain penalties.
    Penalty for furnishing inaccurate particulars of income requires proof of knowingly misstated or concealed particulars; mere disallowance of a claim does not suffice. A bona fide, arguable claim should not automatically attract penalty, and a defective or unadapted notice that fails to demonstrate application of mind can vitiate penalty proceedings.
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    Furnishing inaccurate particulars: claiming non existent depreciation can attract penalty even without willful concealment; notice must be specific.
    Claiming depreciation on non existent assets constitutes furnishing inaccurate particulars of income under the penalty provision; proof of willful concealment is not a necessary ingredient for civil penalty liability. Notices initiating penalty proceedings must be specific and clear to meet natural justice requirements, and factual admissions and reversal of disputed claims are operative in determining whether inaccurate particulars were furnished.
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    Natural justice in tender cancellations: ensure opportunity to be heard; flexibility applies where no actual prejudice arises.
    Natural justice in tender cancellation requires affected parties be given an opportunity to meet allegations; the case highlights an e tender interrupted by an ex parte inquiry, cancellation without prior notice, and allegations of bias. These procedural deficiencies implicate the audi alteram partem principle and render such cancellations arbitrary where parties are not afforded a fair chance to respond. The analysis notes natural justice is flexible and, in absence of actual prejudice, its breach may not invalidate administrative action, while stressing transparency and balanced procedural fairness by public bodies.
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    Natural justice requires municipal demolition actions to provide adequate notice and a fair hearing before affecting property rights.
    The judgment requires municipal enforcement actions affecting immovable property to rest on clear statutory authority and to respect constitutional property rights, insisting that dispossession or demolition follow lawful procedure. It mandates observance of natural justice, specifically adequate notice and an opportunity to be heard, and embeds these procedural safeguards within principles of transparency, proportionality, and reasoned municipal decision making.
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    Disclosure obligations ensure accused access to relevant evidence, preserving fair trial rights in FEMA proceedings.
    Disclosure obligations under the Foreign Exchange Management Act require enforcement authorities to furnish accused persons with all relevant documents and evidence to enable preparation of defence, reflecting the right to a fair hearing and natural justice. Investigative confidentiality may justify limited nondisclosure only when authorities demonstrate specific harm, and any withholding must be narrowly tailored, with reasoned determinations that preserve core procedural fairness in FEMA adjudications.
    Case LawsCustoms
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    Customs Penalty Jurisdiction affirmed where under invoicing and dual invoicing indicate participation in duty evasion scheme.
    Imposition of penalties under Section 112(a) for alleged under invoicing and dual invoicing was sustained on the basis that receipt of part consideration and issuance of false invoices constituted participation in a scheme to evade customs duty; the offences were treated as occurring within India so the Customs Act applied, co noticee settlements did not extend immunity to others, and a jurisdictional challenge to DRI authority was found inapplicable to the notice issued.
    Case LawsIncome Tax
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    Failure to file return on time triggers penalty under Section 271F even if return is later filed after reassessment notice.
    The summary addresses penalty liability for failing to file the original income tax return by the statutory due date, noting that later filing in response to a reassessment notice does not excuse the late original filing. It emphasizes that initiation of penalty proceedings after completion of reassessment does not automatically vitiate the penalty, and that absence of a valid reason for delay sustains penal consequences under the provision for non-filing.
    Case LawsIncome Tax
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    Burden to prove unaccounted income: additions require admissible evidence, not assumptions from survey reports.
    Burden to prove alleged unaccounted income lies with the revenue; additions based on survey findings and an Inspector's report to re fix sale prices must be supported by admissible evidence. The taxpayer used the percentage of completion method for construction income, and impounded documents from a statutory survey were central to the dispute. Additions founded mainly on assumptions or inspector notes, without corroborative proof linking seized material to unexplained receipts, are susceptible to appellate review.
    Case LawsIncome Tax
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    Depreciation on aircraft recognized when operational preparations precede airworthiness certificate, affecting tax depreciation timing.
    The tribunal treated preparatory expenditures to make a newly acquired aircraft operational as integral to business activity for determining the timing of depreciation, remitted the classification and amortisation of engine improvement and overhaul costs to the assessing officer, allowed component replacement and repair costs as revenue deductions because they did not extend useful life, and confirmed that interest on TDS is not an allowable deduction.
    Case LawsIncome Tax
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    Transfer pricing adjustments shape ALP analysis and documentation requirements for royalties and management fees.
    Dispute involves deductibility of cross border reimbursement payments under Section 37 and whether assessing authorities recorded specific factual findings and afforded fair opportunity before disallowance. Related issues include entitlement to refund of excess Dividend Distribution Tax under the DTAA and the correct application of the Arm's Length Principle-notably choice between TNMM and CUP-for benchmarking royalty and management fees, with emphasis on documentation and comparability analysis.
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    Locus standi in insolvency proceedings: standing requires a direct, legitimate interest to initiate or challenge IBC processes.
    The commentary examines locus standi under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, focusing on entitlement to initiate, challenge and participate in the Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process. It highlights procedural interactions among the financial creditor, resolution professional and Committee of Creditors, and discusses contested applications for extension of plan implementation, protection of bank guarantees and permission for fresh bids where a bidder failed to perform. The piece stresses that standing depends on a direct, legitimate interest and that courts apply a stringent interest based test when admitting challenges or procedural relief in IBC proceedings.
    Case LawsIBC
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    Shareholder locus standi constrained in insolvency; CoC commercial wisdom insulated from judicial interference absent material illegality.
    Shareholder rights are substantially curtailed after commencement of CIRP: shareholders may file claims in liquidation but lack standing to overturn CoC commercial decisions. The commercial wisdom of the Committee of Creditors is entitled to deference and is reviewable by courts only for material irregularity or legal violation; procedural objections and requests for forensic audit must demonstrate such material illegality to unsettle an approved resolution plan under the IBC.
    Case LawsIncome Tax
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    Instalment payments: courts permit flexible tax instalment schedules for financially distressed corporates while respecting lower court discretion.
    The courts endorsed a flexible instalment framework permitting extension and adjustment of tax payment schedules when a corporate taxpayer demonstrates reduced capacity to pay, including temporary reduction of individual instalments with deficits spread over remaining payments. The appellate decision upheld the lower court's discretion, emphasising deference absent clear error and supporting reasonableness and proportionality in accommodating financial distress while preserving eventual recovery of assessed liabilities.

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      Regularization of Bills of Entry and Waiver of Interest in Indian Customs

      16 January, 2024

      Contents
      Notifications
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      Circular No. PUBLIC NOTICE NO. 63 / 2023 - Dated: 30-7-2023 - Advisory for operationalisation of the Customs (Waiver of Interest) Third Order, 2023 dated April 17, 2023 and the consequential regularisation of electronic Bills of Entry in case of manual Out of Charge (OOC) given in the wake of glitches in the implementation of ECL facility since April 01, 2023-reg

      Introduction

      The Public Notice No. 63/2023 and DG Systems Advisory dated 27-07-2023, issued by the Office of the Principal Commissioner of Customs, Jawahar Lal Nehru Custom House, dated 30th July 2023, addresses critical changes in the operational procedures of the Customs department in India. This notice revolves around the regularization of electronic Bills of Entry and the waiver of interest following the introduction and stabilization of the Electronic Cash Ledger (ECL) system.

      Key Issues and Provisions

      1. Implementation of Electronic Cash Ledger (ECL): The ECL was introduced as per Board Circular 9/2023, dated 30th March 2023, under the Customs (Electronic Cash Ledger) Regulations 2022. It necessitates importers, exporters, or anyone liable to pay duty fees to make non-interest-bearing deposits with the government for payment purposes.

      2. Challenges in ECL Functionality: Post-implementation, grievances were reported regarding the non-reflection of duty payments in the ICES system, leading to the adoption of a manual Out of Charge (OOC) process until ECL's integration with ICES, ICEGATE, and banks.

      3. Stabilization and Operationalization of ECL: With the stabilization of the ECL system, the Customs (Waiver of Interest) Third Order 2023, dated 17th April 2023, has been operationalized to regularize Bills of Entry for which manual OOC was issued.

      4. Procedure for Regularization: The notice outlines a procedure for stakeholders to regularize Bills of Entry. It includes selecting unpaid challans, paying duty (including interest) within a specified timeframe, and integrating these payments into the Customs system. Subsequently, the Bills of Entry will be regularized by marking them 'Out of Charge'.

      5. Provision for Interest Waiver and Refund: A notable feature is the provision for refunding interest amounts paid, conditional on adhering to the specified payment deadlines.

      Impact and Implications

      The introduction of ECL and the subsequent regulations significantly impact the operational dynamics of India's customs processes. These changes aim to streamline and digitize the customs duty payment process, enhancing efficiency and transparency. However, the transition phase has presented challenges, particularly regarding the integration of payments and system glitches.

      The regularization procedures and the waiver of interest orders are crucial steps in addressing these challenges. They not only provide a framework for resolving pending cases but also establish a precedent for handling similar issues in the future.

      Conclusion

      The Public Notice No. 63/2023 and and DG Systems Advisory dated 27-07-2023 reflects a significant shift towards digitalization in Indian Customs, emphasizing the government's commitment to modernizing trade facilitation measures. While the transition to the ECL system has been challenging, the measures outlined in the notice are expected to alleviate these issues and streamline the customs process for stakeholders. This move towards a more efficient and transparent system is a welcome development in India's trade and customs administration.

       


      Full Text:

      Circular No. PUBLIC NOTICE NO. 63 / 2023 - Dated: 30-7-2023 - Advisory for operationalisation of the Customs (Waiver of Interest) Third Order, 2023 dated April 17, 2023 and the consequential regularisation of electronic Bills of Entry in case of manual Out of Charge (OOC) given in the wake of glitches in the implementation of ECL facility since April 01, 2023-reg

      Topics

      ActsIncome Tax