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    Amendment of assessments in cases where appellate proceedings result in a change in the assessment o...
    Procedural Mechanisms for Executing Supreme Court Cost Awards under Indian Income Tax Law : Clause 3...
    Doctrine of No Automatic Stay in Tax Recovery : Clause 369, Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Section 265, I...
    Creating a schemes for the faceless effect of orders, to reducing direct interactions between taxpay...
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    Procedural Safeguards and Judicial Discretion in Supreme Court Appeals : Clause 368 of the Income Ta...
    Certification and Access to the Supreme Court : Clause 367 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Section ...
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    High Court Appeals under Indian Income Tax Law : Clause 365 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Section...
    Procedural Autonomy and Judicial Independence in Tax Appeals : Clause 364 of the Income Tax Bill, 20...
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    Legal Framework and Practical Impact of Appellate Powers in Indian Taxation: : Clause 360 of the Inc...
    Continuity and Change in Income Tax Appellate Procedures : Clause 359 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 V...
    Procedure and Limitation for Tax Appeals : Clause 358 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 Vs. Section 249 o...
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    Consequential amendment of member assessments: appellate modification must trigger authorised adjustments to individual tax liabilities.
    Clause 371 requires that when appellate proceedings alter or direct a new assessment of a body of individuals or association of persons, the appellate authority must authorise the Assessing Officer to amend or make a fresh assessment of any member; the authorisation is mandatory, and the Assessing Officer may act only pursuant to that order. The clause modernises appellate references and retains the two-step mechanism while raising interpretive issues concerning the scope of "any member", timelines for action, and the definition of "fresh assessment".
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    Execution of Supreme Court cost orders: High Courts may transmit awards for local enforcement under established execution rules.
    The High Court, on petition, may transmit an order of the Supreme Court awarding costs to any court subordinate to the High Court for execution; the provision is limited to cost-related orders, is discretionary in application, requires adherence to execution rules and the Code of Civil Procedure, and mirrors the predecessor provision, leaving unresolved questions about the scope of "costs," appropriate subordinate fora, and special procedures where a government entity is the judgment debtor.
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    No automatic stay on tax recovery: assessed tax remains payable during appellate pendency unless a specific judicial stay is granted.
    Clause 369 requires that tax determined by an assessment order is payable despite the filing of an appeal to the High Court or Supreme Court, reflecting the No Automatic Stay principle that assessment orders remain enforceable unless a competent forum grants a specific stay; it narrows scope to appeals at the highest judicial levels, streamlines language compared with Section 265, and places onus on taxpayers to obtain interim relief if they seek to defer payment while preserving courts' discretion to grant stays subject to conditions.
    Act RulesBills
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    Faceless tax administration expanded: scheme-making power permits executive modification of tax law subject to parliamentary laying.
    Clause 532 grants the Central Government power to notify schemes for any purpose of the Income Tax Act, 2025 to eliminate taxpayer interface and optimize resources, and to direct that Act provisions may be excluded or modified for scheme implementation; notifications must be laid before both Houses of Parliament and existing faceless schemes under the 1961 Act may be amended to ensure continuity.
    Act RulesBills
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    Power to frame schemes expands executive authority to implement faceless, centralized tax administration with parliamentary oversight.
    Clause 532 authorizes the Central Government to notify schemes for any purpose under the Income Tax Act, permit notification based exceptions or adaptations of statutory provisions to implement those schemes, amend or continue existing schemes, and requires that such notifications be laid before both Houses of Parliament, thereby enabling faceless, centralized, and technology driven administration while raising concerns about the breadth of delegated legislative power and the indeterminate standard of technological feasibility.
    Act RulesBills
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    Revisionary jurisdiction prevents orders prejudicial to the assessee while ensuring timely administrative review and minimum processing time.
    Clause 378 empowers senior tax officials as the Competent Authority to revise subordinate orders suo motu or on application, provided any revision is not prejudicial to the assessee. It prescribes one year limitation periods for initiation, allows condonation for sufficient cause, requires a nominal application fee, mandates disposal within a year from the end of the financial year of filing with specified exclusions for rehearings and judicial stays, and introduces a minimum sixty day residual period after exclusions for completion of revision.
    Act RulesBills
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    Revisionary power: Competent Authority can revise orders prejudicial to revenue after hearing and within limitation.
    Clause 377 empowers a defined Competent Authority to call for and examine the record of proceedings and, after giving the assessee an opportunity of being heard and making necessary inquiry, to revise orders that are erroneous and prejudicial to the revenue by enhancing, modifying, cancelling or directing fresh assessments, including specified transfer pricing orders; it sets a two year limitation subject to exceptions to give effect to appellate directions and excludes certain periods from the limitation computation.
    Act RulesBills
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    Appeals to Supreme Court: new bill mirrors CPC procedure but omits a saving proviso, raising interpretive risk.
    Clause 368 adopts the Code of Civil Procedure procedures for appeals to the Supreme Court "so far as may be", vests the Court with discretion on costs, and mandates that where a High Court judgment is varied or reversed, effect be given to the Supreme Court's order through the Bill's prescribed execution mechanism. The saving phrase and the absence of an express proviso preserving other reference and stay provisions are central interpretive and practical concerns.
    Act RulesBills
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    Certification for Supreme Court appeal restricts access to cases presenting substantial legal questions, streamlining appellate tax litigation.
    Clause 367 confines appeals to the Supreme Court from High Court judgments to cases which the High Court certifies as fit for appeal and reframes the source of such appeals to judgments delivered on appeals under section 363, streamlining the previous reference/appeal bifurcation and maintaining a high certification threshold to limit review to substantial questions of law or issues of public importance.
    Act RulesBills
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    Multi-judge bench requirement ensures collective resolution of contested legal points in tax appeals under the new bill.
    Clause 366 mandates a multi-judge bench requirement for specified tax appeals, directing that matters be heard by not less than two judges and decided according to the majority opinion; if no majority arises, judges must state the precise point of law in dispute, the point is reheard by additional judges, and the final decision on that point is determined by the majority of all judges who have heard the case.
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    Substantial question of law: High Court appeals limited to legal issues, streamlining tax appellate review and implementation.
    Clause 365 permits appeals to the High Court from Appellate Tribunal orders only when the High Court is satisfied a substantial question of law arises; it prescribes eligible appellants, a time-limited memorandum-based filing, condonation for sufficient cause, High Court formulation and limitation of the question(s) heard (with power to add questions for recorded reasons), reasoned judgments with costs, authority to decide issues not determined or wrongly decided by the Tribunal, application of Civil Procedure rules, and an express duty on the Assessing Officer to give effect to the High Court's judgment.
    Act RulesBills
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    Procedural autonomy preserved in appellate tribunal; statutory cross references modernized while e governance provisions omitted, affecting bench practice.
    Clause 364 maintains the President's authority to constitute Benches, preserves the dual Judicial and Accountant member default and Special Benches for significant issues, permits single member disposal for lower value matters subject to presidential or authorised member designation, grants the Tribunal procedural autonomy and quasi judicial powers, modernises cross references to new penal and procedural statutes, and omits previous express provisions enabling executive notification of e governance schemes, raising transitional and implementation questions.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tribunal Orders: stay limits and rectification rules balance taxpayer rights and revenue protection in the appellate process.
    Clause 363 establishes the Tribunal's authority to decide appeals after hearing parties, permits rectification of mistakes apparent from record within a prescribed period subject to a nominal fee and hearing where liability is increased, and prescribes an aspirational timeline for disposal. It provides a conditional stay-of-recovery regime requiring deposit or security with limited extension criteria and automatic vacation if disposal does not occur within the aggregate period; the Tribunal may award costs, must communicate orders to the assessee and Commissioner, and its orders are final save for specified statutory exceptions.
    Act RulesBills
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    Appeals to Appellate Tribunal: modernized scope, uniform timelines, cross-objection rights, fee rationalisation preserved.
    Clause 362 modernizes appeals to the Appellate Tribunal by listing appealable orders across the reorganized administrative hierarchy, prescribing a uniform filing period, permitting respondents to file cross-objections treated as independent appeals, allowing the Tribunal to condone delay for sufficient cause, and setting form, verification and a progressive fee regime while exempting revenue appeals and cross-objections from fees.
    Act RulesBills
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    Tribunal independence: bifurcated appointment and service rules safeguard ITAT members' conditions and transitional rights.
    Clause 361(2) and Section 252A use non obstante language to govern ITAT members' qualifications, appointments, term, salaries, allowances, resignation and removal by bifurcating applicable regimes: post Tribunals Reforms Act, 2021 appointees are governed by Chapter II of that Act (detailing qualifications, a Search cum Selection Committee, tenure and service conditions), while pre Finance Act, 2017 appointees remain governed by the Income tax Act, 1961 and its rules as if the contested Finance Act provision had not come into force.
    Act RulesBills
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    Appellate tribunal constitution updated to centralize appointments and delegate presidential powers, affecting tribunal independence and transitional safeguards.
    Clause 361 maintains a multi member Appellate Tribunal of Judicial and Accountant Members while empowering the Central Government to determine member strength; mandates that the President be a High Court judge with substantial judicial experience or a Vice President; permits appointment of one or more Vice Presidents; and authorizes delegation of presidential powers to Vice Presidents by written order. The clause defers detailed eligibility and service conditions to the general tribunal framework and includes a transitional rule preserving pre existing service conditions for incumbents.
    Act RulesBills
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    Appellate Powers: authority to modify assessments and penalties subject to a reasonable opportunity to be heard.
    The appellate authorities may confirm, reduce, enhance, or annul assessments and may confirm, cancel, or vary penalty orders; the Commissioner (Appeals) alone may set aside assessments and remit for fresh assessment in specified cases. Any enhancement of assessment or penalty or reduction of refund requires a reasonable opportunity for the appellant to show cause. The appellate authority may consider and decide any matter arising from the proceedings, and must take into account materials produced before the Settlement Commission where proceedings abate.
    Act RulesBills
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    Appeal procedure: preservation of right to be heard, reasoned orders, and discretionary powers for inquiry and additional grounds.
    Clause 359 sets the appellate procedure before first instance tax authorities, affirming the right to be heard, notice of hearing, powers to adjourn and direct further inquiry, discretion to admit additional grounds of appeal if omission was not wilful or unreasonable, a requirement for written reasoned orders specifying points for determination and decisions, a directory timeline aiming at one year disposal where possible, and communication of orders to the assessee and appropriate senior tax officials.
    Act RulesBills
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    Appeal procedure: prescribed form, 30 day limitation, pre deposit requirement with written reason exemptions permitted.
    Clause 358 preserves the Section 249 appellate framework by requiring appeals in prescribed form and verification, imposing a graded appeal fee related to assessed income, and setting a thirty day limitation from service of the order or demand. It excludes time spent on specified relief applications from limitation, permits condonation of delay for sufficient cause, and conditions admission on payment of tax on returned income or advance tax where no return is filed, while allowing written reason exemptions from the advance payment requirement.
    Act RulesBills
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    Appellate jurisdiction redefined: Clause 357 sets scope of appealable tax orders and preserves DRP-related exclusions.
    Clause 357 defines the orders appealable to the Commissioner (Appeals), listing assessment, reassessment, recomputation, intimation adjustments, orders treating a person as agent of a non-resident, and penalty orders, while preserving exclusions for orders following Dispute Resolution Panel directions and allowing the Board to specify additional appealable cases; it updates and consolidates categories previously under Section 246A and raises interpretive issues concerning exclusions, newly numbered sections, penalty consolidation, and transitional treatment of pending appeals.

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      AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017 and IGST Act, 2017

      1 February, 2023

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      Union Budget 2023-24 + FINANCE Bill, 2023

      GOODS AND SERVICES TAX

      Note: (a) CGST Act means Central Goods And Services Tax Act, 2017

      (b) IGST Act means Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

      (c) Amendments carried out through the Finance Bill, 2023 come into effect on the date of its enactment, unless otherwise specified.

      Amendments carried out in the Finance Bill, 2023 except those in clause 142 will come into effect from the date when the same will be notified concurrently, as far as possible, with the corresponding amendments to the similar Acts passed by the States & Union territories with legislature. Amendments carried out in the Finance Bill, 2023, vide clause 142 will come into effect retrospectively from 1st July, 2017.

      I. AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017 :

      S. No.

      Amendment

      Clause of the Finance Bill, 2023

      1.

      Clause (d) of sub-section (2) and Clause (c) of sub-section (2A) in section 10 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to remove the restriction imposed on registered persons engaged in supplying goods through electronic commerce operators from opting to pay tax under the Composition Levy.

      [128]

      2.

      Second and third provisos to sub-section (2) of section 16 of the CGST Act are being amended to align the said sub-section with the return filing system provided in the said Act.

      [129]

      3.

      Explanation to sub-section (3) of section 17 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to restrict availment of input tax credit in respect of certain transactions specified in para 8(a) of Schedule III of the said Act, as may be prescribed, by including the value of such transactions in the value of exempt supply. Further, sub-section (5) of said section is also being amended so as to provide that input tax credit shall not be available in respect of goods or services or both received by a taxable person, which are used or intended to be used for activities relating to his obligations under corporate social responsibility referred to in section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013.

      [130]

      4.

      Sub-section (1) and sub-section (2) of section 23 of the CGST Act are being amended, with retrospective effect from 01st July, 2017, so as to provide that persons for compulsory registration in terms of sub section (1) of section and section 22 of the Act need not register if exempt under sub section (1) of section 23.

      [131]

      5.

      A new sub-section (5) in section 37 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide a time limit upto which the details of outward supplies under sub-section (1) of the said section for a tax period can be furnished by a registered person. Further, it also seeks to provide an enabling provision for extension of the said time limit, subject to certain conditions and restrictions, for a registered person or a class of registered persons.

      [132]

      6.

      A new sub-section (11) in section 39 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide a time limit upto which the return for a tax period can be furnished by a registered person. Further, it also seeks to provide an enabling provision for extension of the said time limit, subject to certain conditions and restrictions, for a registered person or a class of registered persons.

      [133]

      7.

      A new sub-section (2) in section 44 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide a time limit upto which the annual return under sub-section (1) of the said section for a financial year can be furnished by a registered person. Further, it also seeks to provide an enabling provision for extension of the said time limit, subject to certain conditions and restrictions, for a registered person or a class of registered persons.

      [134]

      8.

      A new sub-section (15) in section 52 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide a time limit upto which the statement under sub-section (4) of the said section for a month can be furnished by an electronic commerce operator. Further, it seeks to provide an enabling provision for extension of the said time limit, subject to certain conditions and restrictions, for an electronic commerce operator or a class of electronic commerce operators.

      [135]

      9.

      Sub-section (6) of section 54 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to remove the reference to the provisionally accepted input tax credit to align the same with the present scheme of availment of self- assessed input tax credit as per sub-section (1) of section 41 of the said Act.

      [136]

      10.

      Section 56 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an enabling provision to prescribe manner of computation of period of delay for calculation of interest on delayed refunds.

      [137]

      11.

      A new sub-section (1B) in section 122 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide for penal provisions applicable to Electronic Commerce Operators in case of contravention of provisions relating to supplies of goods made through them by unregistered persons or composition taxpayers.

      [138]

      12.

      Sub-section (1) of section 132 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to decriminalize offences specified in clause (g), (j) and (k) of the said sub-section and to increase the monetary threshold for launching prosecution for the offences under the said Act from one hundred lakh rupees to two hundred lakh rupees, except for the offences related to issuance of invoices without supply of goods or services or both.

      [139]

      13.

      First proviso to sub-section (1) of section 138 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to simplify the language of clause (a), to omit clause (b) and to substitute the clause (c) of said proviso so as to exclude the persons involved in offences relating to issuance of invoices without supply of goods or services or both from the option of compounding of the offences under the said Act. It further seeks to amend sub-section (2) so as to rationalize the amount for compounding of various offences by reducing the minimum as well as maximum amount for compounding.

      [140]

      14.

      A new section 158A in the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide for prescribing manner and conditions for sharing of the information furnished by the registered person in his return or in his application of registration or in his statement of outward supplies, or the details uploaded by him for generation of electronic invoice or E- way bill or any other details, as may be prescribed, on the common portal with such other systems, as may be notified.

      [141]

      15.

      Schedule III of the CGST Act is being amended to give retrospective applicability to Para 7, 8 (a) and 8 (b) of the said Schedule, with effect from 01st July, 2017, so as to treat the activities/ transactions mentioned in the said paragraphs as neither supply of goods nor supply of services. It is also being clarified that where the tax has already been paid in respect of such transactions/ activities during the period from 01st July, 2017 to 31st January, 2019, no refund of such tax paid shall be available.

      [142]

      II. AMENDMENTS IN THE IGST ACT, 2017:

      S. No.

      Amendment

      Clause of the Finance Bill, 2023

      1.

      Clause (16) of section 2 of the IGST Act is being amended so as to revise the definition of “non-taxable online recipient” by removing the condition of receipt of online information and database access or retrieval services (OIDAR) for purposes other than commerce, industry or any other business or profession so as to provide for taxability of OIDAR service provided by any person located in non- taxable territory to an unregistered person receiving the said services and located in the taxable territory. Further, it also seeks to clarify that the persons registered solely in terms of clause (vi) of Section 24 of CGST Act shall be treated as unregistered person for the purpose of the said clause. Also, clause (17) of the said section is being amended to revise the definition of “online information and database access or retrieval services” to remove the condition of rendering of the said supply being essentially automated and involving minimal human intervention.

      [143]

      2.

      Proviso to sub-section (8) of section 12 of the IGST Act is being omitted so as to specify the place of supply, irrespective of destination of the goods, in cases where the supplier of services and recipient of services are located in India.

      [144]

       

       


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      Union Budget 2023-24 + FINANCE Bill, 2023

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      ActsIncome Tax