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    Significant economic presence expands source taxation, bringing digital interactions and remote services within the domestic tax net.
    Section 9 sets an expansive source taxation rule deeming income to accrue or arise domestically where linked to domestic assets, a business connection (including agents), transfers of capital assets situated domestically, salary earned or payable for services linked to domestic performance, dividends of domestic companies, interest subject to exceptions (including separate taxation of interest of an Indian permanent establishment of a foreign bank), and royalty and technical fees; it introduces significant economic presence tests for digital/user-based connections and leaves key thresholds and valuation mechanics to subordinate rules.
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    Deemed transfer of distributed assets treated as taxable at entity level; fair market value sets consideration and guidelines now open-ended.
    Section 8 treats receipt by a partner or member of capital assets or stock-in-trade from a non-company specified entity on dissolution or reconstitution as a deemed transfer by the entity, with profits or gains taxed at the entity level and the full value of consideration deemed to be the fair market value on the date of receipt; the Board may issue guidelines with prior Central Government approval and parliamentary laying, and the enacted text removes the Bill's two-year sunset on that guideline-making power.
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    Residence in India: income-linked deeming now captures high-income returning citizens visiting short-term, and POEM defines company residence.
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    Scope of total income: residents taxed broadly with limited foreign income inclusion for not ordinarily resident persons.
    Section 5 sets the scope of total income by applying receipt and accrual tests: residents are taxed on income received or deemed received in India, income accruing or arising or deemed to accrue or arise in India, and foreign income only in limited cases for a person who is not ordinarily resident (foreign income included when derived from a business controlled in India or a profession set up in India). Non residents are taxed on income received or deemed received in India and income accruing or arising or deemed to accrue or arise in India. The section also prevents balance sheet inclusion from constituting receipt and bars double inclusion on accrual and receipt bases.
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    Charge of income-tax: linkage to central rates and application to total income, with withholding and advance payment obligations.
    Section 4 links the charge of income-tax to rates enacted by a Central Act, charges income-tax on the total income of the tax year of every person (while allowing charging for other specified periods), includes any additional income-tax by whatever name, and requires deduction/collection at source and advance payment for income chargeable under the section.
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    Stamp duty value treated as a notional benchmark for tax valuations, overriding conflicting valuation laws for tax purposes.
    Section 2(105) defines stamp duty value as the value adopted, assessed or assessable by a Central or State authority for stamp duty on immovable property, where "assessable" is expressly a notional value the authority would have adopted if referred the matter, and that definition applies irrespective of anything to the contrary in any other law in force.
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    Holding-period tiers determine capital gain classification with a shorter threshold for listed securities and specific fund units.
    Definition of short-term capital asset establishes a two-tier holding-period regime for capital gains classification, retaining a general holding-period test and a shorter test for listed securities, units of the Unit Trust of India, units of equity-oriented funds and zero-coupon bonds; detailed rules determine inclusion, exclusion and commencement of holding periods on liquidation, corporate reorganisations, conversions, allotments, renunciations, free allotments and GDR redemptions, with certain technical matters deferred to prescribed rules.
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    Definition of company in which the public are substantially interested: drafting variance may create conjunctive interpretation risk affecting tax classification.
    Clause 2 supplies a comprehensive glossary for the Income-tax Act, 2025, defining terms such as company, capital asset, income and virtual digital asset, often with cross-references, provisos and delegated prescriptions; clause 2(29)'s categories for a company in which the public are substantially interested are materially consistent between Bill and Act, but the Bill's connector wording risked a conjunctive reading of alternative tests that the Act's later disjunctive phrasing rectifies, creating interpretive consequences for tax classification and related compliance.
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    Definition of company clarified; temporal qualification in transitional limb may narrow which historic entities remain within tax scope.
    Section 2 supplies statutory definitions that determine tax coverage. The definition of company comprises Indian companies, foreign bodies corporate, entities assessable as companies under the repealed Act, and Board declared entities. The Bill adds a temporal qualification limiting entities assessed under the prior Act to particular assessment years; the Act text omits this qualification. Scattered drafting and cross reference differences exist. Operational consequences hinge on threshold facts (shareholding, listing, assessment history, population/distance tests) and on unstated transitional provisions.
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    Capital asset definition updated to include IFSC-regulated funds and broaden unit-linked policies, affecting capital gains treatment.
    The Act retains an inclusive definition of capital asset with exceptions for stock-in-trade, specified personal effects and certain agricultural land, while refining the securities limb to expressly include securities held by FIIs and investment funds regulated under SEBI or IFSC regimes and removing a temporal issuance-date qualifier for unit-linked insurance policies, thereby broadening the category of policies treated as capital assets; numerous drafting and cross-reference clarifications aim to reduce interpretive uncertainty.
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    Negative list of specified goods narrows eligibility for investment tax incentives and consolidates explanatory clarifications in law.
    SCHEDULE-XIII establishes a negative list of fifteen specified articles excluded from certain investment-linked tax incentives, consolidating explanatory clarifications into the main text and streamlining obsolete entries. Referenced to section 45(2)(c) and (d) of the Bill, the Schedule preserves policy continuity-excluding luxury, non-essential, and public-health-sensitive goods-while aiming to reduce interpretive ambiguity and improve legislative clarity. The drafting changes and omissions reflect a modernization and simplification of the earlier SCHEDULE 11, though some item inclusions and obsolete entries indicate a continuing need for periodic review and alignment with broader tax and policy frameworks.
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    Mineral classification determines tax incentive eligibility for prospecting and extraction, preserving continuity but requiring clearer definitions.
    Statutory classification of minerals determines which mineral activities qualify for tax incentives under income tax law by listing specified minerals and associated groups; SCHEDULE XII (2025) reproduces SCHEDULE 07 (1961) verbatim in substance, enumerating 27 minerals and 16 associated groups as the determinative reference for eligibility of capital expenditure on prospecting, extraction and processing, while leaving interpretive issues (broad terms, technical thresholds, typographical inconsistencies) that may require periodic review and clearer definitions.
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    Recognised Provident Fund rules modernised, clarifying recognition conditions, tax treatment of contributions, portability, and trustee obligations.
    The Schedule modernises the framework governing Recognised Provident Funds, approved superannuation and gratuity funds by restating recognition and approval conditions (employment location, fixed contribution structure, irrevocable trust, permitted assets), procedures for recognition or withdrawal, trustee recordkeeping and appeals, and explicit tax rules: taxable employer contributions above prescribed rates and excess interest, deductibility of employee contributions, exclusion of accumulated balances only upon meeting service-duration or contingency conditions or permitted transfers, retroactive taxation where conditions fail, and mandatory tax deduction at source.
    Act RulesBills
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    Insurance business taxation: updated rules tie taxable profits to actuarial surplus and reorganized disallowance cross-references.
    Schedule-XIV requires separate computation of life insurance profits by annual averaging of actuarial surplus/deficit from the last inter-valuation period, with add-backs of inadmissible expenditures under the reorganized disallowance provisions; it updates crediting rules for tax paid during multi-year valuation periods, prescribes profit computation and specified add-backs and deductions for other insurance business (including treatment of investment gains/losses and reserves for unexpired risks), and provides a proportional premium-based deeming rule for non-resident insurers, while streamlining interpretative definitions.
    Act RulesBills
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    Removal of difficulties powers permit executive adaptation of tax law during statutory transition subject to safeguards and oversight.
    Clause 535 grants the Central Government power to issue orders to remove implementation difficulties in the Income Tax Bill, 2025, provided such orders are not inconsistent with the Act; it expressly permits adaptations of the prior law for assessments up to the tax year ending 31 March 2026, limits the power to three years from 1 April 2026, and requires that every order be laid before both Houses of Parliament.
    Act RulesBills
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    Repeal and savings provisions ensure continuity of tax rights, proceedings and carry forwards during statutory transition to the new code.
    Clause 536 formally repeals the Income tax Act, 1961 while preserving prior operations, rights, obligations, pending proceedings, recoveries and administrative instruments by saving elections, carry forward of losses and credits, conditional deduction rules, continuation of penal and search proceedings initiated before commencement, and by applying Section 6 of the General Clauses Act, thereby ensuring legal and administrative continuity during transition to the new tax code.
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    Legislative oversight of delegated tax rules: parliamentary laying enables modification or annulment while preserving prior actions.
    Clause 534 mandates that specified subordinate tax instruments-rules under the Act, Appellate Tribunal procedural rules, and notifications under designated provisions including Chapter XIII G-be laid before each House of Parliament promptly for a cumulative thirty days. If both Houses agree within the following session to modify or annul an instrument, it will thereafter take effect only in the modified form or be of no effect, while a without prejudice clause preserves the validity of actions previously taken under that instrument.
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    Rule-making powers: Board may frame subordinate tax rules under government control, with limits on prejudicial retrospective application.
    Clause 533 vests the Central Board of Direct Taxes with broad rule-making authority, subject to Central Government control, to frame subordinate legislation for carrying out the purposes of the Income Tax Act. It prescribes an illustrative list of subjects - including income ascertainment, depreciation, procedural matters, electronic filing and international taxation - empowers estimation methods where precise computation is impracticable, and restricts retrospective rules so as not to prejudice assessees unless expressly permitted, all while remaining subject to ultra vires review.
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    Rescission of tax exemptions enables government withdrawal of legacy territorial tax benefits, raising procedural fairness and treaty questions.
    Clause 531 empowers the Central Government to rescind previously granted tax exemptions, rate reductions, or modifications for specified Union territories by general or special order. Focused solely on withdrawal, the provision applies to any assessee or class of assessees and to part or whole of income, is not time limited, and lacks statutory procedural safeguards, leaving only administrative law principles as constraints and raising questions about retrospectivity, legitimate expectations, and treaty-based concessions.
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    Interim tax charging provision ensures continuity, applying the more favourable provision to taxpayers pending enactment.
    Clause 530 provides that if, on the first day of a tax year, no Central Act has been enacted to charge income tax, the Act shall operate until such provision is made as if either the provision in force in the preceding tax year or the provision proposed in the Bill before Parliament were in force, whichever is more favourable to the assessee, thereby ensuring continuity of assessment and collection pending enactment.

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      AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017 and IGST Act, 2017

      1 February, 2023

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      Union Budget 2023-24 + FINANCE Bill, 2023

      GOODS AND SERVICES TAX

      Note: (a) CGST Act means Central Goods And Services Tax Act, 2017

      (b) IGST Act means Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

      (c) Amendments carried out through the Finance Bill, 2023 come into effect on the date of its enactment, unless otherwise specified.

      Amendments carried out in the Finance Bill, 2023 except those in clause 142 will come into effect from the date when the same will be notified concurrently, as far as possible, with the corresponding amendments to the similar Acts passed by the States & Union territories with legislature. Amendments carried out in the Finance Bill, 2023, vide clause 142 will come into effect retrospectively from 1st July, 2017.

      I. AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017 :

      S. No.

      Amendment

      Clause of the Finance Bill, 2023

      1.

      Clause (d) of sub-section (2) and Clause (c) of sub-section (2A) in section 10 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to remove the restriction imposed on registered persons engaged in supplying goods through electronic commerce operators from opting to pay tax under the Composition Levy.

      [128]

      2.

      Second and third provisos to sub-section (2) of section 16 of the CGST Act are being amended to align the said sub-section with the return filing system provided in the said Act.

      [129]

      3.

      Explanation to sub-section (3) of section 17 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to restrict availment of input tax credit in respect of certain transactions specified in para 8(a) of Schedule III of the said Act, as may be prescribed, by including the value of such transactions in the value of exempt supply. Further, sub-section (5) of said section is also being amended so as to provide that input tax credit shall not be available in respect of goods or services or both received by a taxable person, which are used or intended to be used for activities relating to his obligations under corporate social responsibility referred to in section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013.

      [130]

      4.

      Sub-section (1) and sub-section (2) of section 23 of the CGST Act are being amended, with retrospective effect from 01st July, 2017, so as to provide that persons for compulsory registration in terms of sub section (1) of section and section 22 of the Act need not register if exempt under sub section (1) of section 23.

      [131]

      5.

      A new sub-section (5) in section 37 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide a time limit upto which the details of outward supplies under sub-section (1) of the said section for a tax period can be furnished by a registered person. Further, it also seeks to provide an enabling provision for extension of the said time limit, subject to certain conditions and restrictions, for a registered person or a class of registered persons.

      [132]

      6.

      A new sub-section (11) in section 39 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide a time limit upto which the return for a tax period can be furnished by a registered person. Further, it also seeks to provide an enabling provision for extension of the said time limit, subject to certain conditions and restrictions, for a registered person or a class of registered persons.

      [133]

      7.

      A new sub-section (2) in section 44 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide a time limit upto which the annual return under sub-section (1) of the said section for a financial year can be furnished by a registered person. Further, it also seeks to provide an enabling provision for extension of the said time limit, subject to certain conditions and restrictions, for a registered person or a class of registered persons.

      [134]

      8.

      A new sub-section (15) in section 52 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide a time limit upto which the statement under sub-section (4) of the said section for a month can be furnished by an electronic commerce operator. Further, it seeks to provide an enabling provision for extension of the said time limit, subject to certain conditions and restrictions, for an electronic commerce operator or a class of electronic commerce operators.

      [135]

      9.

      Sub-section (6) of section 54 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to remove the reference to the provisionally accepted input tax credit to align the same with the present scheme of availment of self- assessed input tax credit as per sub-section (1) of section 41 of the said Act.

      [136]

      10.

      Section 56 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an enabling provision to prescribe manner of computation of period of delay for calculation of interest on delayed refunds.

      [137]

      11.

      A new sub-section (1B) in section 122 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide for penal provisions applicable to Electronic Commerce Operators in case of contravention of provisions relating to supplies of goods made through them by unregistered persons or composition taxpayers.

      [138]

      12.

      Sub-section (1) of section 132 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to decriminalize offences specified in clause (g), (j) and (k) of the said sub-section and to increase the monetary threshold for launching prosecution for the offences under the said Act from one hundred lakh rupees to two hundred lakh rupees, except for the offences related to issuance of invoices without supply of goods or services or both.

      [139]

      13.

      First proviso to sub-section (1) of section 138 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to simplify the language of clause (a), to omit clause (b) and to substitute the clause (c) of said proviso so as to exclude the persons involved in offences relating to issuance of invoices without supply of goods or services or both from the option of compounding of the offences under the said Act. It further seeks to amend sub-section (2) so as to rationalize the amount for compounding of various offences by reducing the minimum as well as maximum amount for compounding.

      [140]

      14.

      A new section 158A in the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide for prescribing manner and conditions for sharing of the information furnished by the registered person in his return or in his application of registration or in his statement of outward supplies, or the details uploaded by him for generation of electronic invoice or E- way bill or any other details, as may be prescribed, on the common portal with such other systems, as may be notified.

      [141]

      15.

      Schedule III of the CGST Act is being amended to give retrospective applicability to Para 7, 8 (a) and 8 (b) of the said Schedule, with effect from 01st July, 2017, so as to treat the activities/ transactions mentioned in the said paragraphs as neither supply of goods nor supply of services. It is also being clarified that where the tax has already been paid in respect of such transactions/ activities during the period from 01st July, 2017 to 31st January, 2019, no refund of such tax paid shall be available.

      [142]

      II. AMENDMENTS IN THE IGST ACT, 2017:

      S. No.

      Amendment

      Clause of the Finance Bill, 2023

      1.

      Clause (16) of section 2 of the IGST Act is being amended so as to revise the definition of “non-taxable online recipient” by removing the condition of receipt of online information and database access or retrieval services (OIDAR) for purposes other than commerce, industry or any other business or profession so as to provide for taxability of OIDAR service provided by any person located in non- taxable territory to an unregistered person receiving the said services and located in the taxable territory. Further, it also seeks to clarify that the persons registered solely in terms of clause (vi) of Section 24 of CGST Act shall be treated as unregistered person for the purpose of the said clause. Also, clause (17) of the said section is being amended to revise the definition of “online information and database access or retrieval services” to remove the condition of rendering of the said supply being essentially automated and involving minimal human intervention.

      [143]

      2.

      Proviso to sub-section (8) of section 12 of the IGST Act is being omitted so as to specify the place of supply, irrespective of destination of the goods, in cases where the supplier of services and recipient of services are located in India.

      [144]

       

       


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      Union Budget 2023-24 + FINANCE Bill, 2023

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      ActsIncome Tax