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    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Carry-forward of predecessor losses: successor bank may set off losses as if reorganisation had not occurred, subject to continuity conditions.
    Section 118 permits successor or resulting co operative banks to carry forward and set off predecessor accumulated losses and unabsorbed depreciation on amalgamation or demerger "as if the business reorganisation had not taken place," subject to the Act's set-off and depreciation rules. Demergers transfer directly attributable losses to the resulting undertaking and require pro rata apportionment of non direct losses by asset distribution. Qualification depends on continuity of banking activity and specified fixed asset holding thresholds, deemed tax year splitting, prescribed/notified conditions, and denial of set offs as taxable income upon non compliance.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Ring-fencing of race-horse losses restricts set-off to stake-money income and allows limited carry forward period.
    Losses from owning and maintaining race horses are ring-fenced and may be set off only against income from the same specified activity (stake money). Unabsorbed losses may be carried forward for set-off solely against future stake-money income in years when the assessee carries on the specified activity, subject to a limited carry-forward period after which unabsorbed amounts expire. Definitions narrow the scope of eligible income and losses.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Set-off restriction for specified business losses limits use to profits of other specified business activities only.
    Losses computed in respect of a specified business carried on by the assessee in a tax year may be set off only against profits and gains of other specified business activities for that year; any portion not so set off is an unabsorbed loss that may be carried forward and set off only against profits and gains of specified businesses in subsequent years.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Speculation loss ring fencing: losses only offset against speculation profits with limited carry forward and priority in set off.
    Losses from speculation business may be set off only against speculation business profits; any unabsorbed speculation business loss is carried forward and set off only against future speculation business profits, subject to a statutory temporal limitation and applied before certain other carried forward allowances. A deeming rule treats companies buying and selling shares of other companies as carrying on speculation business to that extent, subject to carve outs where specified income heads or principal business activities prevail.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Carry forward of unabsorbed business loss limited to set off only against business profits, with a temporal carry forward limit.
    Unabsorbed business loss (loss under Profits and gains of business or profession excluding speculation loss not absorbed under inter head set off) shall be carried forward and may be set off only against business or profession profits in subsequent years; any amount not so set off is carried forward iteratively, subject to a limit of not more than eight succeeding tax years, and such unabsorbed loss is to be given effect before allowing set off of specified carried forward allowances.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Carry forward of capital losses: limited temporal carry forward with distinct set off rules for long term and short term losses.
    A statutory regime prescribes distinct set off rules for losses under the head Capital gains: short term capital losses may be set off against gains from any other capital asset, long term capital losses only against gains from other long term assets, and any residual loss after intra year set off qualifies for carry forward but only for a limited number of succeeding tax years; the Bill defined this residual as an unabsorbed capital loss, whereas the enacted provision omits that label but retains equivalent practical effect.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Carry-forward restriction of house property losses confines set-off to future house property income with a time-limited ceiling.
    Residual losses computed under Income from house property that are not wholly absorbed by intra-year set-off qualify as unabsorbed loss from house property and may be carried forward, to be set off only against future house property income in subsequent years until the loss is absorbed or the statutory temporal limit expires; the clause defines the qualifying unabsorbed loss by reference to prior application of intra-year set-off rules.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Capital gains set-off rules restrict long-term losses to long-term gains while short-term losses offset any capital gains.
    Section 108 separates general intra-head set-off (excluding capital gains) from specific capital gains rules: long-term capital losses are only set off against other long-term capital gains in the same year, while short-term capital losses may be set off against gains from any capital asset, with classification and computation governed by the capital gains framework.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Deeming rule for non-account-payee instruments treats amounts (including interest) as taxable income in the year of transaction.
    Amounts (including interest) borrowed or repaid through a negotiable instrument, a hundi, or any mode specified by the Board shall be deemed to be the income of the borrower or repayer for the tax year of the transaction; transactions effected by an account payee cheque are excluded, and sub-section (2) prevents re-assessment of the same amount under that sub-section on repayment.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Unexplained expenditure deemed income, disallowing deduction when source is not satisfactorily explained by assessing officer.
    Section 105 deems expenditure to be income when the assessee offers no explanation of its source or offers an explanation the Assessing Officer deems unsatisfactory; the deemed amount cannot be claimed as a deduction under the Act, the deeming may apply to part of an expenditure, and the provision contains no definitions, procedural safeguards, evidentiary standards, or appeal mechanisms.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Unexplained asset: acquisition expenditure governs deeming as income when taxpayers give no satisfactory explanation on source.
    An unexplained asset found to belong to an assessee, or where the asset measure exceeds recorded books, may be deemed income for the year if the assessee offers no explanation or an explanation unsatisfactory to the Assessing Officer; the enacted text measures the asset by the amount expended in acquiring such asset and expressly includes virtual digital assets, while leaving valuation mechanics, evidential burdens, and procedural standards unspecified.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Unexplained investments deemed income when not recorded or inadequately explained to the assessing officer.
    Section 103 deems the value of investments to be income in the tax year where an investment is not recorded in the assessee's books of account, if any, or where the Assessing Officer finds the amount exceeds recorded entries, and the assessee either offers no explanation or an explanation that is not satisfactory in the opinion of the Assessing Officer.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Unexplained credits: credited sums may be taxed if explanations are absent or unsatisfactory, shifting evidentiary burden to taxpayers and counterparties.
    Section 102 allows sums found credited in an assessee's books to be charged as income where no explanation is given or the explanation is not satisfactory to the Assessing Officer. It places special deeming requirements on loans/borrowings and certain private company receipts, requiring the person in whose name the credit stands to provide a satisfactory explanation to the Assessing Officer, while excluding specified venture capital funds from those counterparty requirements.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Clubbing of family income risks expanding under revised spouse professional-income wording, increasing compliance and valuation complexities.
    Section 99 requires inclusion in an individual's total income of amounts arising to a spouse, son's wife, minor child, or where property is converted into HUF property; it prescribes exclusions for certain minor child earnings, a proportionate apportionment formula for assets invested in business or partnership, deems income to include loss, preserves a temporal carve out for conversions on or before 31 December 1969, and identifies documentation and valuation consequences where Bill wording diverges on spouse professional income carve outs, third party benefit attribution and the denominator reference date for apportionment.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Deductions under Section 93 clarify allowable expenses and caps for income from other sources, with key exclusions.
    Section 93 prescribes allowable deductions in computing income from other sources, including reasonable commissions for realising dividends and interest, cross-referenced expense allowances applied "so far as may be," capped deductions for family pension depending on tax computation method, revenue expenditures wholly and exclusively laid out, a single fixed-percentage deduction for a specified income class with no other deductions permitted, and sub-section rules denying deductions for a defined dividend class while limiting interest deductions for certain dividend or unit incomes.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Income from other sources determines taxability of miscellaneous receipts and prescribes valuation, thresholds, and exemptions.
    Section 92 creates a residuary head, Income from other sources, taxing miscellaneous receipts not chargeable under other heads and listing illustrative categories (dividends, winnings, specified insurance proceeds, interest, hire income, forfeited advances, compensation interest, termination payments, business trust distributions). It prescribes valuation and computation methods, monetary thresholds for gratuitous receipts with enumerated exceptions (relatives, marriage, inheritance, specified non profits, non transfer transactions), and cross references to other statutory definitions and procedures affecting payment modes and valuation challenges.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Cost of acquisition rules clarify valuation and allocation for capital gains, with special treatment for intangibles and pre-existing equity holdings.
    The provision defines cost of improvement and cost of acquisition for capital gains, treating improvements to specified intangibles as nil, excluding deductible expenditures, and reducing acquisition cost by prior depreciation on goodwill. It prescribes allocation rules for acquisitions by purchase, allotment, bonus, subscription and renunciation, and provides alternative valuation anchors-including an option to adopt a historic fair market value, exchange quotes, net asset value and the Cost Inflation Index-for certain pre-existing and unlisted equity holdings.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Exemption of capital gains for relocation to SEZs: reinvestment within prescribed window defers taxation, subject to deposit and scheme compliance
    Exemption applies to capital gains from transfer of assets when shifting an industrial undertaking from an urban area to a Special Economic Zone, functioning as a reinvestment relief if gains are applied to acquire or construct specified new assets in the SEZ within one year before to three years after transfer. Unutilised amounts must be deposited with a specified institution by the return filing due date and later utilised under a notified scheme; any portion unutilised after three years is charged as income. Cost basis of the new asset is adjusted for subsequent transfers within three years.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Capital gains exemption on industrial relocation: reinvestment in new assets prevents taxation, subject to deposit and proof rules.
    A reinvestment linked exemption for capital gains applies where assets used in an industrial undertaking situated in a urban area are transferred as part of shifting the undertaking outside urban limits. The assessee must, within one year before or three years after transfer, acquire specified new assets or incur notified scheme expenses; reinvestment equal to or exceeding the gain prevents charging of the gain, shortfalls are charged as income, and unutilised proceeds must be deposited under a notified scheme with proof filed by the return due date.
    Act RulesIncome Tax
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    Capital gains relief for reinvestment into residential property requires timely deposit and triggers recapture if proceeds remain unutilised.
    Provision grants a proportionate exemption from long term capital gains where individuals/HUFs reinvest proceeds from sale of a non residential long term asset into one residential house in India, subject to purchase/construction time windows. Unutilised proceeds must be deposited under a notified scheme by the return filing due date with proof; recapture applies if deposits are not used within three years. The enacted text ties deposit triggers to net consideration, shortens the disqualification window for subsequent purchases, and imposes monetary caps and heightened compliance obligations.

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      AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017 and IGST Act, 2017

      1 February, 2023

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      Union Budget 2023-24 + FINANCE Bill, 2023

      GOODS AND SERVICES TAX

      Note: (a) CGST Act means Central Goods And Services Tax Act, 2017

      (b) IGST Act means Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

      (c) Amendments carried out through the Finance Bill, 2023 come into effect on the date of its enactment, unless otherwise specified.

      Amendments carried out in the Finance Bill, 2023 except those in clause 142 will come into effect from the date when the same will be notified concurrently, as far as possible, with the corresponding amendments to the similar Acts passed by the States & Union territories with legislature. Amendments carried out in the Finance Bill, 2023, vide clause 142 will come into effect retrospectively from 1st July, 2017.

      I. AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017 :

      S. No.

      Amendment

      Clause of the Finance Bill, 2023

      1.

      Clause (d) of sub-section (2) and Clause (c) of sub-section (2A) in section 10 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to remove the restriction imposed on registered persons engaged in supplying goods through electronic commerce operators from opting to pay tax under the Composition Levy.

      [128]

      2.

      Second and third provisos to sub-section (2) of section 16 of the CGST Act are being amended to align the said sub-section with the return filing system provided in the said Act.

      [129]

      3.

      Explanation to sub-section (3) of section 17 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to restrict availment of input tax credit in respect of certain transactions specified in para 8(a) of Schedule III of the said Act, as may be prescribed, by including the value of such transactions in the value of exempt supply. Further, sub-section (5) of said section is also being amended so as to provide that input tax credit shall not be available in respect of goods or services or both received by a taxable person, which are used or intended to be used for activities relating to his obligations under corporate social responsibility referred to in section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013.

      [130]

      4.

      Sub-section (1) and sub-section (2) of section 23 of the CGST Act are being amended, with retrospective effect from 01st July, 2017, so as to provide that persons for compulsory registration in terms of sub section (1) of section and section 22 of the Act need not register if exempt under sub section (1) of section 23.

      [131]

      5.

      A new sub-section (5) in section 37 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide a time limit upto which the details of outward supplies under sub-section (1) of the said section for a tax period can be furnished by a registered person. Further, it also seeks to provide an enabling provision for extension of the said time limit, subject to certain conditions and restrictions, for a registered person or a class of registered persons.

      [132]

      6.

      A new sub-section (11) in section 39 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide a time limit upto which the return for a tax period can be furnished by a registered person. Further, it also seeks to provide an enabling provision for extension of the said time limit, subject to certain conditions and restrictions, for a registered person or a class of registered persons.

      [133]

      7.

      A new sub-section (2) in section 44 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide a time limit upto which the annual return under sub-section (1) of the said section for a financial year can be furnished by a registered person. Further, it also seeks to provide an enabling provision for extension of the said time limit, subject to certain conditions and restrictions, for a registered person or a class of registered persons.

      [134]

      8.

      A new sub-section (15) in section 52 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide a time limit upto which the statement under sub-section (4) of the said section for a month can be furnished by an electronic commerce operator. Further, it seeks to provide an enabling provision for extension of the said time limit, subject to certain conditions and restrictions, for an electronic commerce operator or a class of electronic commerce operators.

      [135]

      9.

      Sub-section (6) of section 54 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to remove the reference to the provisionally accepted input tax credit to align the same with the present scheme of availment of self- assessed input tax credit as per sub-section (1) of section 41 of the said Act.

      [136]

      10.

      Section 56 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an enabling provision to prescribe manner of computation of period of delay for calculation of interest on delayed refunds.

      [137]

      11.

      A new sub-section (1B) in section 122 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide for penal provisions applicable to Electronic Commerce Operators in case of contravention of provisions relating to supplies of goods made through them by unregistered persons or composition taxpayers.

      [138]

      12.

      Sub-section (1) of section 132 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to decriminalize offences specified in clause (g), (j) and (k) of the said sub-section and to increase the monetary threshold for launching prosecution for the offences under the said Act from one hundred lakh rupees to two hundred lakh rupees, except for the offences related to issuance of invoices without supply of goods or services or both.

      [139]

      13.

      First proviso to sub-section (1) of section 138 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to simplify the language of clause (a), to omit clause (b) and to substitute the clause (c) of said proviso so as to exclude the persons involved in offences relating to issuance of invoices without supply of goods or services or both from the option of compounding of the offences under the said Act. It further seeks to amend sub-section (2) so as to rationalize the amount for compounding of various offences by reducing the minimum as well as maximum amount for compounding.

      [140]

      14.

      A new section 158A in the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide for prescribing manner and conditions for sharing of the information furnished by the registered person in his return or in his application of registration or in his statement of outward supplies, or the details uploaded by him for generation of electronic invoice or E- way bill or any other details, as may be prescribed, on the common portal with such other systems, as may be notified.

      [141]

      15.

      Schedule III of the CGST Act is being amended to give retrospective applicability to Para 7, 8 (a) and 8 (b) of the said Schedule, with effect from 01st July, 2017, so as to treat the activities/ transactions mentioned in the said paragraphs as neither supply of goods nor supply of services. It is also being clarified that where the tax has already been paid in respect of such transactions/ activities during the period from 01st July, 2017 to 31st January, 2019, no refund of such tax paid shall be available.

      [142]

      II. AMENDMENTS IN THE IGST ACT, 2017:

      S. No.

      Amendment

      Clause of the Finance Bill, 2023

      1.

      Clause (16) of section 2 of the IGST Act is being amended so as to revise the definition of “non-taxable online recipient” by removing the condition of receipt of online information and database access or retrieval services (OIDAR) for purposes other than commerce, industry or any other business or profession so as to provide for taxability of OIDAR service provided by any person located in non- taxable territory to an unregistered person receiving the said services and located in the taxable territory. Further, it also seeks to clarify that the persons registered solely in terms of clause (vi) of Section 24 of CGST Act shall be treated as unregistered person for the purpose of the said clause. Also, clause (17) of the said section is being amended to revise the definition of “online information and database access or retrieval services” to remove the condition of rendering of the said supply being essentially automated and involving minimal human intervention.

      [143]

      2.

      Proviso to sub-section (8) of section 12 of the IGST Act is being omitted so as to specify the place of supply, irrespective of destination of the goods, in cases where the supplier of services and recipient of services are located in India.

      [144]

       

       


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      Union Budget 2023-24 + FINANCE Bill, 2023

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