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Pass-through taxation preserves investor-level tax treatment of investment fund income while ring-fencing fund-level losses.
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Pass-through taxation for business trusts preserves income character and shifts tax consequences to unit holders with reporting duties.
The clause establishes a statutory pass-through mechanism under which income distributed by business trusts is deemed to retain its original character and proportion in the hands of unit holders, while subjecting the trust's total income to tax at the maximum marginal rate subject to specified withholding provisions; it also deems certain scheduled categories of distributed income taxable on distribution, carves out specified statutory exceptions, and imposes prescribed reporting obligations on payers to unit holders and tax authorities.
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Pass-through taxation of venture capital income taxes investors as if invested directly, with reporting and deemed-credit safeguards.
Pass-through taxation requires that income arising to investors from venture capital companies or funds be taxed in the investor's hands as if invested directly, with the fund and payer furnishing prescribed statements to investors and tax authorities; undistributed income is deemed credited to investors at year-end in proportion to entitlement, while income already included on an accrual basis is not taxed again on actual payment; specified investment funds are excluded and key terms are defined in the schedule.
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Tax on accreted income: transferees and officers may be deemed assessees in default, with liability limited to asset value.
Clause 352(8) deems the specified person (NPO) and its principal officer or trustee to be assessee in default for unpaid tax on accreted income and applies all recovery provisions of the Act; it also deems a transferee of assets in specified dissolution cases to be an assessee in default in respect of such tax. Clause 352(9) limits the transferee's liability to the extent the asset received is capable of meeting the liability, ensuring proportionality in recovery.
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Accreted income interest compels prompt tax payment and creates joint personal liability for trustees and principal officers.
Clause 352(7) imposes simple interest for delayed payment of tax on accreted income, with joint and several liability on the specified person and the principal officer or trustee; interest is computed monthly (any part-month treated as a full month) using an explicit formula, and liable persons are deemed assessee in default to enable statutory recovery mechanisms.
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Exit tax on accreted income expands triggers and fixes final levy after prescribed valuation and procedural safeguards.
A tax on accreted income charges NPOs additional income tax at the maximum marginal rate when specified events occur; accreted income equals aggregate fair market value of assets less total liabilities on a specified date, computed under prescribed valuation methods, with exclusions as prescribed. The Assessing Officer must afford a hearing before ordering tax, the bill sets a detailed table of triggering events and payment timelines, and the tax payment is final with no further credit or deduction allowed.
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Pass-through taxation for securitisation trust income preserves investor-level taxation while mandating reporting and deemed-accrual rules.
Clause 221 establishes a pass-through taxation regime for income from securitisation trusts, preserving the character and proportion of underlying income in the hands of investors, deeming unpaid accruals as credited on the last day of the tax year to prevent deferral, requiring prescribed statements to investors and tax authorities, and preventing double taxation by excluding income already taxed on accrual from subsequent inclusion on actual payment.
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Minimum alternate tax definitions shape MAT/AMT computation and Ind AS transition treatment, narrowing tax arbitrage opportunities.
Clause 206(19) supplies granular definitions aligning MAT/AMT computation with Ind AS convergence, insolvency law and cross statutory terms. Key terms include adjudicating authority (IBC), convergence date, transition amount with specified exclusions, net worth, company classifications, securities, tribunal, unit (IFSC) and year of convergence. These definitions phase in Ind AS transition impacts, harmonize tax and insolvency treatment, clarify eligibility for concessional AMT rates, and reduce tax arbitrage and interpretive disputes compared with the narrower definitions in Section 115JF.
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Minimum alternate tax exclusions: narrow MAT/AMT to specified taxpayers including life insurers, alternative regime opters, presumptive and small taxpayers.
Clause 206(18) narrows MAT/AMT applicability by exempting companies with life insurance income, taxpayers who opt for specified alternative tax regimes, persons taxed under special or presumptive computation sections, specified funds identified in the Schedule, and non corporate persons whose adjusted total income falls below the statutory threshold; the exclusions reflect sectoral accounting differences, aim to promote concessional regimes and financial competitiveness, and reduce compliance burdens while requiring clear definitions and anti abuse safeguards.
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Application clause ensures general tax provisions apply to MAT/AMT assessees unless expressly overridden by section rules.
Clause 206(12) provides that, save as otherwise provided in this section, all other provisions of the Income Tax Act apply to assessees covered by Clause 206, so that specific MAT/AMT rules within the clause override general provisions only to the extent of inconsistency and otherwise preserve the operation of assessment, appeal, penalty, interest, set-off, carry forward and credit mechanisms under the Act.
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MAT/AMT credit mechanism permits excess minimum tax paid to be carried forward and set off against later regular tax liabilities.
MAT/AMT credit under Clause 206(13) is the excess of minimum tax paid over regular tax payable, available automatically to assessees covered by the provision. The credit carries two limitations: no interest on the credit and disregard of any foreign tax credit that is excessive relative to regular tax. Set off of the credit is permitted only when regular tax exceeds MAT/AMT, limited to that excess, with unused credit carried forward for a defined period, and any credit must be adjusted to reflect changes from reassessment or appellate orders.
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MAT/AMT credit mechanism clarified - excess alternate-tax paid is a carry-forward entitlement usable against future regular tax liability.
MAT/AMT credit is the difference between tax paid under Clause 206(1) and tax payable under normal provisions, carried forward as a non-refundable, non-interest-bearing entitlement to be set off in future years when regular tax exceeds MAT/AMT; credits are adjusted for excess foreign tax credits and for any changes in tax liability resulting from assessment or appellate orders, and lapse after the prescribed carry-forward period.
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Minimum tax harmonization: unified book profit computation and aligned accounting rules for MAT and AMT compliance.
Clause 206(2)-(5) defines book profit by B = P + (I - R), lists items to be added and reduced in computing book profit, mandates preparation of profit and loss statements as per applicable enactments or Schedule III, consolidates special adjustments for varied assessees (including Ind AS transition treatments), requires consistency in accounting policies and depreciation for MAT/AMT purposes, and preserves recomputation and relief mechanisms akin to existing procedures.
Act Rules Bills
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Minimum Alternate Tax expansion ensures broader taxpayer coverage, detailed book profit computation, and a structured carryforward credit regime.
Clause 206(1) creates a non-obstante regime imposing Minimum Alternate Tax and Alternate Minimum Tax across companies, co-operative societies and other persons by deeming book profit or adjusted total income as taxable where regular tax is below prescribed minima; it prescribes detailed additions and reductions to compute book profit, special rules for varied taxpayer classes (including Ind AS transition, insolvency and IFSC units), procedural certification, a structured MAT/AMT credit mechanism with carry forward, and specified exemptions and carve-outs.
Act Rules Bills
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Place of Effective Management residency reclassification brings foreign companies within domestic tax regime subject to notified transitional exceptions.
Clause 220 subjects foreign companies that become Indian residents under the Place of Effective Management test to the domestic tax code while allowing the Central Government, by notification, to prescribe exceptions, modifications and adaptations to computation of income, treatment of unabsorbed depreciation, carry forward and set off of losses, collection and anti-avoidance provisions; notifications may apply to succeeding years during assessment, benefits may be withdrawn for non-compliance with prescribed conditions with recomputation and a specified limitation period, and every notification must be laid before Parliament.
Act Rules Bills
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Tax neutrality for branch-to-subsidiary conversions preserves carryforward attributes but is conditional on regulatory compliance and allows retrospective clawback.
Clause 219 provides conditional tax neutrality for conversions of Indian branches of foreign banking companies into subsidiary Indian companies under an RBI scheme: capital gains on conversion are not taxable in the tax year of conversion and unabsorbed depreciation, carry forward losses and tax credits continue subject to notified exceptions and adaptations. Non compliance with RBI or Central Government conditions results in forfeiture of benefits and application of general tax provisions; previously allowed reliefs may be treated as wrongly allowed and reassessed, and notifications must be laid before Parliament.
Act Rules Bills
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Opt-out of special NRI tax regime permits annual election to be taxed under the general provisions by declaration in the return.
Clause 218 allows a Non-resident Indian to elect, by declaration in the return of income for the tax year, not to be governed by sections 212-217; upon such annual opt-out those sections do not apply and the taxpayer's total income is computed and taxed under the general provisions of the Act, with the election binding for that year and raising practical issues about declaration format and interaction with other tax provisions.
Act Rules Bills
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Grandfathering of concessional tax treatment for NRIs continues for qualifying foreign-exchange assets after becoming residents.
Grandfathering of concessional tax treatment allows NRIs who become residents to continue concessional taxation on investment income from qualifying foreign-exchange assets if they furnish a contemporaneous written declaration with their return; the benefit endures until the asset is transferred or converted into money. Clause 217 excludes shares in Indian companies and cross-references sections 212-218, while Section 115H refers to Chapter XIIA and includes broader asset coverage. The declaration requirement and the conversion/transfer termination trigger are operative compliance and continuity mechanisms.
Act Rules Bills
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Exemption from return filing for NRIs when income is only investment income or long term gains and tax is deducted at source.
Clause 216 exempts a Non-Resident Indian from furnishing a return where the taxpayer's Indian income consists solely of investment income and/or long-term capital gains and the tax on that income has been deducted at source under the restructured TDS chapter; absence of either condition renders the exemption inapplicable and return filing mandatory.
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Capital gains exemption for NRI reinvestment: exemption hinges on timely reinvestment and a lock in that can trigger taxability.
Capital gains on transfer of foreign exchange assets by non-resident Indians are exempt under Clause 215 if the net consideration, whole or part, is invested in a specified asset within the reinvestment window; full exemption obtains where the new asset's cost is not less than the net consideration and a proportionate exemption otherwise, with defined meanings for net consideration and cost, and a claw-back that renders the exemption taxable if the new asset is disposed of or converted into money within the lock-in period.

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AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017 and IGST Act, 2017

1 February, 2023

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Union Budget 2023-24 + FINANCE Bill, 2023

GOODS AND SERVICES TAX

Note: (a) CGST Act means Central Goods And Services Tax Act, 2017

(b) IGST Act means Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

(c) Amendments carried out through the Finance Bill, 2023 come into effect on the date of its enactment, unless otherwise specified.

Amendments carried out in the Finance Bill, 2023 except those in clause 142 will come into effect from the date when the same will be notified concurrently, as far as possible, with the corresponding amendments to the similar Acts passed by the States & Union territories with legislature. Amendments carried out in the Finance Bill, 2023, vide clause 142 will come into effect retrospectively from 1st July, 2017.

I. AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017 :

S. No.

Amendment

Clause of the Finance Bill, 2023

1.

Clause (d) of sub-section (2) and Clause (c) of sub-section (2A) in section 10 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to remove the restriction imposed on registered persons engaged in supplying goods through electronic commerce operators from opting to pay tax under the Composition Levy.

[128]

2.

Second and third provisos to sub-section (2) of section 16 of the CGST Act are being amended to align the said sub-section with the return filing system provided in the said Act.

[129]

3.

Explanation to sub-section (3) of section 17 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to restrict availment of input tax credit in respect of certain transactions specified in para 8(a) of Schedule III of the said Act, as may be prescribed, by including the value of such transactions in the value of exempt supply. Further, sub-section (5) of said section is also being amended so as to provide that input tax credit shall not be available in respect of goods or services or both received by a taxable person, which are used or intended to be used for activities relating to his obligations under corporate social responsibility referred to in section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013.

[130]

4.

Sub-section (1) and sub-section (2) of section 23 of the CGST Act are being amended, with retrospective effect from 01st July, 2017, so as to provide that persons for compulsory registration in terms of sub section (1) of section and section 22 of the Act need not register if exempt under sub section (1) of section 23.

[131]

5.

A new sub-section (5) in section 37 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide a time limit upto which the details of outward supplies under sub-section (1) of the said section for a tax period can be furnished by a registered person. Further, it also seeks to provide an enabling provision for extension of the said time limit, subject to certain conditions and restrictions, for a registered person or a class of registered persons.

[132]

6.

A new sub-section (11) in section 39 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide a time limit upto which the return for a tax period can be furnished by a registered person. Further, it also seeks to provide an enabling provision for extension of the said time limit, subject to certain conditions and restrictions, for a registered person or a class of registered persons.

[133]

7.

A new sub-section (2) in section 44 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide a time limit upto which the annual return under sub-section (1) of the said section for a financial year can be furnished by a registered person. Further, it also seeks to provide an enabling provision for extension of the said time limit, subject to certain conditions and restrictions, for a registered person or a class of registered persons.

[134]

8.

A new sub-section (15) in section 52 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide a time limit upto which the statement under sub-section (4) of the said section for a month can be furnished by an electronic commerce operator. Further, it seeks to provide an enabling provision for extension of the said time limit, subject to certain conditions and restrictions, for an electronic commerce operator or a class of electronic commerce operators.

[135]

9.

Sub-section (6) of section 54 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to remove the reference to the provisionally accepted input tax credit to align the same with the present scheme of availment of self- assessed input tax credit as per sub-section (1) of section 41 of the said Act.

[136]

10.

Section 56 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an enabling provision to prescribe manner of computation of period of delay for calculation of interest on delayed refunds.

[137]

11.

A new sub-section (1B) in section 122 of the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide for penal provisions applicable to Electronic Commerce Operators in case of contravention of provisions relating to supplies of goods made through them by unregistered persons or composition taxpayers.

[138]

12.

Sub-section (1) of section 132 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to decriminalize offences specified in clause (g), (j) and (k) of the said sub-section and to increase the monetary threshold for launching prosecution for the offences under the said Act from one hundred lakh rupees to two hundred lakh rupees, except for the offences related to issuance of invoices without supply of goods or services or both.

[139]

13.

First proviso to sub-section (1) of section 138 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to simplify the language of clause (a), to omit clause (b) and to substitute the clause (c) of said proviso so as to exclude the persons involved in offences relating to issuance of invoices without supply of goods or services or both from the option of compounding of the offences under the said Act. It further seeks to amend sub-section (2) so as to rationalize the amount for compounding of various offences by reducing the minimum as well as maximum amount for compounding.

[140]

14.

A new section 158A in the CGST Act is being inserted so as to provide for prescribing manner and conditions for sharing of the information furnished by the registered person in his return or in his application of registration or in his statement of outward supplies, or the details uploaded by him for generation of electronic invoice or E- way bill or any other details, as may be prescribed, on the common portal with such other systems, as may be notified.

[141]

15.

Schedule III of the CGST Act is being amended to give retrospective applicability to Para 7, 8 (a) and 8 (b) of the said Schedule, with effect from 01st July, 2017, so as to treat the activities/ transactions mentioned in the said paragraphs as neither supply of goods nor supply of services. It is also being clarified that where the tax has already been paid in respect of such transactions/ activities during the period from 01st July, 2017 to 31st January, 2019, no refund of such tax paid shall be available.

[142]

II. AMENDMENTS IN THE IGST ACT, 2017:

S. No.

Amendment

Clause of the Finance Bill, 2023

1.

Clause (16) of section 2 of the IGST Act is being amended so as to revise the definition of “non-taxable online recipient” by removing the condition of receipt of online information and database access or retrieval services (OIDAR) for purposes other than commerce, industry or any other business or profession so as to provide for taxability of OIDAR service provided by any person located in non- taxable territory to an unregistered person receiving the said services and located in the taxable territory. Further, it also seeks to clarify that the persons registered solely in terms of clause (vi) of Section 24 of CGST Act shall be treated as unregistered person for the purpose of the said clause. Also, clause (17) of the said section is being amended to revise the definition of “online information and database access or retrieval services” to remove the condition of rendering of the said supply being essentially automated and involving minimal human intervention.

[143]

2.

Proviso to sub-section (8) of section 12 of the IGST Act is being omitted so as to specify the place of supply, irrespective of destination of the goods, in cases where the supplier of services and recipient of services are located in India.

[144]

 

 


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Union Budget 2023-24 + FINANCE Bill, 2023

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Acts Income Tax