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    Deductions for income from other sources clarified, aligning allowable expenses and curbing dividend-related deduction claims.
    Clause 93 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 prescribes deductions for Income from other sources, allowing reasonable sums for realising dividends or interest on securities, deductions for specified income categories via cross references, a capped family pension deduction, non capital expenditures wholly and exclusively for earning such income, a 50% concession for certain incomes, and targeted restrictions limiting deductible interest tied to certain dividend incomes to a proportion of that income.
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    Taxation of miscellaneous income broadens taxable sources to include modern streams like digital assets and trust distributions.
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    Valuation officer referral: a statutory mechanism to address discrepancies between declared asset values and fair market value.
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    Cost of acquisition rules clarified: FMV option and acquisition cost deemed nil when indeterminable, affecting capital gains computation.
    Clause 90 defines cost of improvement as nil for intangible assets and permits post reference date expenditure for other assets; sets cost of acquisition as purchase price or previous owner's purchase price and deems cost nil where indeterminable; provides tailored rules for financial assets to avoid taxing non economic gains; and allows a fair market value option as cost of acquisition for earlier acquisitions to reflect market and inflationary changes.
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    Extension of time for reinvesting capital gains tied to receipt of compensation preserves exemption eligibility after compulsory acquisition.
    Where an original asset is compulsorily acquired and compensation is delayed, the period for acquiring a new asset or depositing or investing capital gains is calculated from the date of receipt of compensation rather than the date of transfer; Clause 89 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025, states this rule and declares it to operate irrespective of conflicting timelines in specified sections, and Section 54H of the Income-tax Act, 1961, operates on a comparable principle tied to specified reinvestment provisions.
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    Capital gains exemption for industrial relocations to SEZs conditions relief on reinvestment in new SEZ assets and deposit rules.
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    Capital gains exemption for industrial relocation to non urban areas conditional on reinvestment and deposit requirements.
    Exemption of capital gains on transfer of assets for industrial undertakings shifting from urban to non urban areas is subject to reinvestment in qualifying assets (machinery, plant, buildings, land or rights therein) acquired within the prescribed timeframe; any shortfall between capital gains and cost of new assets is taxable, and unutilised gains must be deposited in a specified bank or institution before filing the return, with untapped deposits taxed after the statutory period; the definition of urban area and scheme specified expenditure govern eligibility.
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    Capital gains exemption for residential reinvestment preserved with clearer compliance and monetary caps under the 2025 proposal.
    Clause 86 provides a capital gains exemption for individuals and HUFs who reinvest long-term capital gains from specified asset transfers (excluding residential houses) into a residential house in India within prescribed purchase or construction timeframes. The exemption is proportional when net consideration exceeds the replacement cost and full when replacement cost equals or exceeds net consideration. Unutilised gains must be deposited under a notified government scheme before filing returns, and exempted gains become taxable if the replacement asset is transferred within three years. Ownership of multiple residential houses or acquisition of another house within specified periods disqualifies the exemption.
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    Capital gains deferral on compulsory acquisition permits tax relief when compensation is reinvested in similar industrial assets.
    Clause 84 provides a deferral regime for capital gains on compulsory acquisition where compensation reinvested in similar industrial land or buildings within three years is either exempt or adjusts the cost basis: excess gains over new asset cost are taxed as income and the new asset's cost is set to nil for future computations, while gains equal to or below cost reduce the asset's cost. Unutilised gains must be deposited by the return filing due date and are treated as part of the deemed cost; unutilised amounts after the specified period are charged as income and subject to notified withdrawal rules.
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    Capital gains exemption for reinvestment in specified bonds preserves non taxability subject to retention and anti abuse rules.
    Clause 85 provides that capital gains from transfer of long term assets are not charged if the assessee reinvests whole or part of such gains in government notified bonds within six months, subject to a per year investment ceiling and a specified retention period; transfers, conversions, or loans against the new asset within the lock in are treated as taxable events and investments claiming this exemption cannot simultaneously claim alternative deductions.
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    Advance money treatment: deduction from cost of acquisition barred where the advance was included in total income.
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    Fair market value deemed consideration: FMV used to compute capital gains when actual consideration is indeterminate.
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    Fair market value deemed consideration for unquoted share transfers to prevent undervaluation and ensure correct capital gains computation.
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    Full value of consideration deemed to stamp duty valuation; safe harbor permits minor discrepancies and valuation review.
    Where declared consideration for transfer of land or buildings is less than the stamp duty valuation, the stamp duty value is deemed the full value of consideration for capital gains purposes; the stamp duty value as at the agreement date may apply if consideration is received through prescribed banking channels before the agreement date. A limited safe harbor accepts declared consideration within a narrow margin above stamp duty valuation. Assessing Officers may seek Valuation Officer review where the stamp duty value is disputed, and Clause 78 defines assessable as the value adopted for stamp duty purposes.
    Act RulesBills
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    Capital gains treatment for slump sales clarified: net worth valuation and accountant certification required for tax computation.
    The computation treats the net worth of the transferred undertaking-aggregate assets less liabilities, excluding revaluation increases-as the cost of acquisition; where lump sum consideration diverges from market values, the fair market value of assets on the transfer date is deemed the full value of consideration. Depreciable assets use written down value, certain goodwill and specified assets are valued at nil, and an accountant's report certifying the net worth computation is required.
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    Market Linked Debenture tax treatment: gains treated as short-term capital gains irrespective of holding period.
    Clause 76 mandates that gains on Market Linked Debentures and specified debt instruments be treated as short-term capital gains irrespective of holding period, prescribes computation as full consideration less cost of acquisition and transaction expenditure (X = A - B - C), disallows deduction for Securities Transaction Tax, and defines covered assets and specified mutual funds to determine applicability.

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      AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017

      2 February, 2022

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      Goods and Service Tax

      Note: (a) CGST Act means Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

      (b) IGST Act means Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

      (c) UTGST Act means Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

      Amendments carried out in the Finance Bill, 2022, vide clause 99 to 113 will come into effect from a date to be notified, as far as possible, concurrently with the corresponding amendments to the similar Acts passed by the States & Union territories with legislature. Amendments carried out in the Finance Bill, 2022, vide clause 114 to 123 will come into effect on the date of its enactment.

      I. AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017:

      S.No.

      Amendment

      Clause of the Finance Bill, 2022

      1.

      A new clause (ba) to sub-section (2) of section 16 of the CGST Act is being inserted to provide that input tax credit with respect to a supply can be availed only if such credit has not been restricted in the details communicated to the taxpayer under section 38.

      Further, sub-section (4) of section 16 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an extended time for availment of input tax credit by a registered person in respect of any invoice or debit note pertaining to a financial year upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year.

      [99]

      2.

      Clause (b) and (c) of sub-section (2) of section 29 of the CGST Act are being amended so as to provide that the registration of a person is liable for cancellation, where -

      (i) a person paying tax under section 10 has not furnished the return for a financial year beyond three months from the due date of furnishing of the said return;

      (ii) a person, other than those paying tax under section 10, has not furnished returns for such continuous tax period as may be prescribed.

      [100]

      3.

      Sub-section (2) of section 34 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an extended time for issuance of credit notes in respect of any supply made in a financial year upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year.

      [101]

      4.

      Section 37 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

      (i) provide for prescribing conditions and restrictions for furnishing the details of outward supply and for communication of the details of such outward supplies to concerned recipients;

      (ii) do away with two-way communication process in return filing;

      (iii) provide for an extended time upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year for rectification of errors in respect of details of outward supplies furnished under sub-section (1);

      (iv) provide for tax period-wise sequential filing of details of outward supplies under sub-section (1).

       

      [102]

      5.

      Section 38 of the CGST Act is being substituted for prescribing the manner as well as conditions and restrictions for communication of details of inward supplies and input tax credit to the recipient by means of an auto-generated statement and to do away with two-way communication process in return filing.

      [103]

      6.

      Section 39 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

      (i) provide that the non-resident taxable person shall furnish the return for a month by thirteenth day of the following month;

      (ii) provide an option to the persons furnishing return under proviso to sub-section (1), to pay either the self-assessed tax or an amount that may be prescribed;

      (iii) provide for an extended time upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year, for rectification of errors in the return furnished under section 39;

      (iv) provide for furnishing of details of outward supplies of a tax period under sub-section (1) of section 37 as a condition for furnishing the return under section 39 for the said tax period.

      [104]

      7.

       Section 41 of the CGST Act is being substituted so as to do away with the concept of “claim” of eligible input tax credit on a “provisional” basis and to provide for availment of selfassessed input tax credit subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed.

      [105]

      8.

      Sections 42, 43 and 43A of the CGST Act are being omitted so as to do away with two-way communication process in return filing.

      [106]

      9.

      Section 47 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for levy of late fee for delayed filing of return under section 52. Further, reference to section 38 is being removed consequent to the amendment in section 38 of the CGST Act.

      [107]

      10.

       Consequent to the amendment in section 38 of the CGST Act, sub-section (2) of section 48 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to remove reference to section 38 therefrom.

      [108]

      11.

      Section 49 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

      (i) provide for prescribing restrictions for utilizing the amount available in the electronic credit ledger;

      (ii) allow transfer of amount available in electronic cash ledger under the CGST Act of a registered person to the electronic cash ledger under the said Act or the IGST Act of a distinct person;

      (iii) provide for prescribing the maximum proportion of output tax liability which may be discharged through the electronic credit ledger.

      [109]

      12.

      Sub-section (3) of section 50 of the CGST Act is being substituted retrospectively, with effect from the 1st July, 2017, so as to provide for levy of interest on input tax credit wrongly availed and utilized.

      [110]

      13.

      Sub-section (6) of section 52 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an extended time upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year for rectification of errors in the statement furnished under subsection (4).

      [111]

      14.

      Section 54 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

      (i) explicitly provide that refund claim of any balance in the electronic cash ledger shall be made in such form and manner as may be prescribed;

      (ii) provide the time limit for claiming refund of tax paid on inward supplies of goods or services or both under section 55 as two years from the last day of the quarter in which the said supply was received;

      (iii) extend the scope of withholding of or recovery from refunds in respect of all types of refund;

      (iv) provide clarity regarding the relevant date for filing refund claim in respect of supplies made to a Special Economic Zone developer or a Special Economic Zone unit by way of insertion of a new sub-clause (ba) in clause (2) of Explanation thereto.

      [112]

      15.

      Consequent to the amendment in section 38 of the CGST Act, sub-section (2) of section 168 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to remove reference to section 38 therefrom.

      [113]

      16.

      Notification No. 9/2018 – Central Tax, dated the 23rd January, 2018, is being amended so as to notify www.gst.gov.in, retrospectively, with effect from 22nd June, 2017, as the Common Goods and Services Tax Electronic Portal, for all functions provided under Central Goods and Services Tax  Rules, 2017, other than those provided for e-way bill and for generation of invoices under sub-rule (4) of rule 48 of the CGST Rules.

      [114]

      17.

      Notification No. 13/2017 – Central Tax, dated the 28th June, 2017, is being amended retrospectively, with effect from the 1st day of July, 2017, so as to notify rate of interest under subsection (3) of section 50 of the CGST Act as 18%.

      [115]

       

       


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