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    Understanding the Business Loss Carry Forward Provisions in Clause 112 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 ...
    Understanding the Carry Forward of House Property Losses in Clause 110 of Income Tax bill, 2025 Vs. ...
    Addresses the set-off of losses under various heads of income In Clause 109 of Income Tax Bill, 2025...
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    Carry forward of business losses allows set off against future business income, prioritised before other carried allowances.
    Clause 112 permits carry forward and set off of unabsorbed business losses-defined as losses under "Profits and gains of business or profession" excluding speculation losses-against future business or professional profits, mandates that such losses be set off before any other carried forward allowances, and limits the period during which losses may be carried forward, aligning with the existing temporal framework.
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    Carry forward of house property loss - allows head-specific set off against future house property income, time-limited.
    Clause 110 permits unabsorbed losses under the head "Income from house property" to be carried forward and set off only against future income from the same head, subject to a statutory time limitation, and defines "unabsorbed loss from house property" as losses not set off against other income heads in the relevant year.
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    Set-off of losses: new limits bar using business and capital losses to reduce salary and other non-capital income.
    Clause 109 permits set-off of losses under any income head except capital gains against income from other heads in the same year, subject to limits: business losses cannot be set off against salary income; house property losses are set off against other heads only up to a capped amount; and capital gains losses cannot be set off against non-capital income. The clause thus confines capital losses within their category and imposes head-specific restrictions requiring careful tax planning and record-keeping.
    Act RulesBills
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    Set-off of losses under the same head: clarifies offset rules for capital and non-capital income, refining capital gains set-off.
    Clause 108 permits set-off of a loss from any source against income from any other source under the same head (excluding capital gains), while treating capital gains losses separately: long-term capital losses may be set off only against other long-term capital gains, and short-term capital losses may be set off against gains from any capital asset, thereby requiring accurate classification of assets and records to effect permissible intra-head offsets.
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    Deemed income from informal credit instruments: non account payee transactions treated as taxable, prompting formalisation of payments.
    Clause 106 and Section 69D deem amounts borrowed or repaid through hundis, negotiable instruments, or Board specified modes to be the income of the borrower or repayer when not transacted by account payee cheque, with provisions capturing interest where applicable and safeguards to prevent double taxation once an amount has been treated as income.
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    Unexplained expenditure treated as income increases tax exposure when taxpayers fail to satisfactorily explain expenditure sources.
    Clause 105 deems unexplained expenditure as income when an assessee fails to provide a satisfactory explanation, confers evaluative power on the Assessing Officer to judge adequacy of explanations, and disallows any deduction for amounts so deemed; Section 69C operates similarly but uses permissive language and contains a deduction proviso, reflecting comparable objectives to prevent tax evasion while differing in textual strictness and potential administrative effect.
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    Unexplained asset rules now include virtual digital assets, expanding deeming powers where explanations are unsatisfactory.
    Where an asset is unrecorded or its recorded amount is less than actual value and the assessee fails to provide a satisfactory explanation, Clause 104 and Section 69B treat the unexplained excess as deemed income for the year of discovery; Clause 104 expressly adds virtual digital assets, while both provisions vest the Assessing Officer with discretion to accept or reject explanations, creating valuation and verification challenges.
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    Unexplained investments treated as income when taxpayer fails to satisfactorily explain source, shifting burden to taxpayer and empowering assessing officer discretion.
    Clause 103 deems unrecorded investments or amounts exceeding recorded investment as income if the assessee fails to provide a satisfactory explanation to the Assessing Officer; the provision places the evidential burden on the assessee and employs a deeming mechanism to include unexplained amounts in taxable income. Section 69B applies the same explanation-and-deeming approach to investments, bullion, jewellery and other valuable articles where recorded amounts are less than actual expenditure, relying on Assessing Officer evaluation to determine whether excess amounts are to be treated as income.
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    Unexplained assets treated as deemed income: inclusion of virtual digital assets broadens taxable asset coverage and disclosure obligations.
    Clause 104 deemsthe value of assets not recorded, or under recorded, in an assessee's books to be taxable income where the assessee fails to provide a satisfactory explanation; it expressly includes virtual digital assets and places onus on the assessee to prove the nature and source, leaving determination of adequacy to the Assessing Officer.
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    Unexplained investments deemed income under deeming provision; imposes explanation burden and increased tax scrutiny on taxpayers.
    Clause 103 treats investments not recorded in the assessee's books, and amounts exceeding recorded investments, as unexplained unless the assessee provides a satisfactory explanation; such unexplained investments are deemed income for the relevant tax year, subject to the Assessing Officer's evaluation under the clause's deeming provision.
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    Unexplained credits: dual-party explanation requirement leads to inclusion of unexplained book credits as taxable income.
    Unexplained credits are chargeable to income when sums in an assessee's books lack satisfactory explanation, with the assessing officer determining adequacy. Loans and borrowings require satisfactory explanations from both the assessee and the creditor; share application money, share capital and share premium in closely held companies similarly demand corroboration from the company and the named contributor. Venture capital funds and companies receive a specific exemption, while the provision overall increases recordkeeping and evidentiary burdens and enhances tax authority scrutiny.
    Act RulesBills
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    Income apportionment in AOPs and BOIs: structured deduction and allocation of member remuneration and interest for tax computation.
    Both Clause 309 and Section 67A set out a structured method for computing a member's share in an AOP/BOI: deduct interest, salary, bonus, commission or remuneration from total AOP/BOI income, apportion the residual among members by entitlement and treat apportioned shares under the same heads of income; where apportioned results are profitable the remuneration is added back, and where loss it is adjusted; interest on capital borrowed by a member for investment is deductible under Profits and gains of business or profession; "paid" means actually paid or incurred per the accounting method used.
    Act RulesBills
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    Total income aggregation requires inclusion of exempt receipts to protect the tax base and prevent erosion through exclusions.
    Clause 101 mandates that computation of Total income include income exempt under the identified sub part of Chapter provisions, converting such exempt receipts into an affirmative component of total income to protect the tax base and prevent erosion from otherwise excluded income streams.
    Act RulesBills
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    Income attribution: clarifies tax liability of the legal owner and joint-and-several responsibility for income included in another's return.
    Clause 100 assigns tax liability to the person in whose name an asset stands or whose firm membership produces attributed income, imposes joint and several liability for jointly held assets allowing recovery from any co-owner for the whole tax due, applies existing procedural recovery mechanisms to enforce the liability, and overrides contrary provisions in other laws to ensure primacy in determining tax obligations arising from income attribution.
    Act RulesBills
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    Clubbing of income: new clause expands inclusion of spouse, minor child and transferred-asset income in assessee's taxable income.
    Clause 99 attributes to the individual income arising to a spouse from employment or remuneration in concerns where the individual has a substantial interest, income from assets transferred to a spouse or a son's wife without adequate consideration, and income of a minor child except earnings from the child's manual work or personal skill; it also prescribes a formula for income attributable when transferred assets are invested and treats conversion of individual property to HUF as income of the individual.
    Act RulesBills
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    Revocable transfer definitions broaden tax reach, treating arrangements that preserve transferor control as attributable income to transferor.
    Clause 98 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025 and Section 63 of the Income Tax Act define transfer to include settlements, trusts, covenants, agreements or arrangements, and define revocable transfer to cover provisions enabling direct or indirect re transfer of income or assets or re assumption of power by the transferor. Both provisions attribute income to the transferor where economic substance shows retention of control or benefit, broadening the tax net over arrangements that preserve transferor influence.
    Act RulesBills
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    Chargeability of income in asset transfers: revocable transfers taxed to transferor, with narrow irrevocable-transfer exceptions.
    Clause 97 treats income from a revocable transfer of assets as taxable in the hands of the transferor, while providing exceptions for truly irrevocable transfers where the transferor derives no direct or indirect benefit; if a power to revoke later arises the income becomes chargeable to the transferor, thereby aligning taxation with economic control and preventing tax avoidance through strategic transfers.
    Act RulesBills
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    Transfer of income without asset transfer: such income is taxed in the transferor's hands to prevent tax avoidance.
    Clause 96 and Section 60 provide that income arising by virtue of a transfer, whether revocable or irrevocable and irrespective of timing, is chargeable to tax in the transferor's hands if the asset generating that income has not been transferred, thereby preserving the link between income and its source asset to prevent tax avoidance.
    Act RulesBills
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    Remission of liabilities taxable - forgiven debts and other benefits must be included as income when received under revised charge rules.
    Clause 95 of the Income Tax Bill, 2025, treats any benefit obtained from the remission or cessation of a liability for which a deduction was previously allowed as taxable in the year received, applying principles from Section 38(1)(a) to non business income heads. Section 59 of the Income tax Act, 1961, applies Section 41(1) similarly to ensure forgiven liabilities are included in taxable income, but both provisions present valuation and timing ambiguities for non cash benefits and assessment year determinations.
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    Disallowance of deductions: withholding compliance ties deductibility for cross border payments and personal expenses.
    Clause 94 disallows deductions from income from other sources for personal expenses and for interest or salaries payable outside India where tax has not been paid or deducted under the withholding framework; it extends selected business-income deduction rules to other sources, prescribes computation rules for foreign companies, disallows deductions for gambling and lotteries while excepting horse racing maintenance, and links deductibility to compliance with withholding obligations.

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      AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017

      2 February, 2022

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      Goods and Service Tax

      Note: (a) CGST Act means Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

      (b) IGST Act means Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

      (c) UTGST Act means Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017

      Amendments carried out in the Finance Bill, 2022, vide clause 99 to 113 will come into effect from a date to be notified, as far as possible, concurrently with the corresponding amendments to the similar Acts passed by the States & Union territories with legislature. Amendments carried out in the Finance Bill, 2022, vide clause 114 to 123 will come into effect on the date of its enactment.

      I. AMENDMENTS IN THE CGST ACT, 2017:

      S.No.

      Amendment

      Clause of the Finance Bill, 2022

      1.

      A new clause (ba) to sub-section (2) of section 16 of the CGST Act is being inserted to provide that input tax credit with respect to a supply can be availed only if such credit has not been restricted in the details communicated to the taxpayer under section 38.

      Further, sub-section (4) of section 16 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an extended time for availment of input tax credit by a registered person in respect of any invoice or debit note pertaining to a financial year upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year.

      [99]

      2.

      Clause (b) and (c) of sub-section (2) of section 29 of the CGST Act are being amended so as to provide that the registration of a person is liable for cancellation, where -

      (i) a person paying tax under section 10 has not furnished the return for a financial year beyond three months from the due date of furnishing of the said return;

      (ii) a person, other than those paying tax under section 10, has not furnished returns for such continuous tax period as may be prescribed.

      [100]

      3.

      Sub-section (2) of section 34 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an extended time for issuance of credit notes in respect of any supply made in a financial year upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year.

      [101]

      4.

      Section 37 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

      (i) provide for prescribing conditions and restrictions for furnishing the details of outward supply and for communication of the details of such outward supplies to concerned recipients;

      (ii) do away with two-way communication process in return filing;

      (iii) provide for an extended time upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year for rectification of errors in respect of details of outward supplies furnished under sub-section (1);

      (iv) provide for tax period-wise sequential filing of details of outward supplies under sub-section (1).

       

      [102]

      5.

      Section 38 of the CGST Act is being substituted for prescribing the manner as well as conditions and restrictions for communication of details of inward supplies and input tax credit to the recipient by means of an auto-generated statement and to do away with two-way communication process in return filing.

      [103]

      6.

      Section 39 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

      (i) provide that the non-resident taxable person shall furnish the return for a month by thirteenth day of the following month;

      (ii) provide an option to the persons furnishing return under proviso to sub-section (1), to pay either the self-assessed tax or an amount that may be prescribed;

      (iii) provide for an extended time upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year, for rectification of errors in the return furnished under section 39;

      (iv) provide for furnishing of details of outward supplies of a tax period under sub-section (1) of section 37 as a condition for furnishing the return under section 39 for the said tax period.

      [104]

      7.

       Section 41 of the CGST Act is being substituted so as to do away with the concept of “claim” of eligible input tax credit on a “provisional” basis and to provide for availment of selfassessed input tax credit subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed.

      [105]

      8.

      Sections 42, 43 and 43A of the CGST Act are being omitted so as to do away with two-way communication process in return filing.

      [106]

      9.

      Section 47 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for levy of late fee for delayed filing of return under section 52. Further, reference to section 38 is being removed consequent to the amendment in section 38 of the CGST Act.

      [107]

      10.

       Consequent to the amendment in section 38 of the CGST Act, sub-section (2) of section 48 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to remove reference to section 38 therefrom.

      [108]

      11.

      Section 49 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

      (i) provide for prescribing restrictions for utilizing the amount available in the electronic credit ledger;

      (ii) allow transfer of amount available in electronic cash ledger under the CGST Act of a registered person to the electronic cash ledger under the said Act or the IGST Act of a distinct person;

      (iii) provide for prescribing the maximum proportion of output tax liability which may be discharged through the electronic credit ledger.

      [109]

      12.

      Sub-section (3) of section 50 of the CGST Act is being substituted retrospectively, with effect from the 1st July, 2017, so as to provide for levy of interest on input tax credit wrongly availed and utilized.

      [110]

      13.

      Sub-section (6) of section 52 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to provide for an extended time upto thirtieth day of November of the following financial year for rectification of errors in the statement furnished under subsection (4).

      [111]

      14.

      Section 54 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to:

      (i) explicitly provide that refund claim of any balance in the electronic cash ledger shall be made in such form and manner as may be prescribed;

      (ii) provide the time limit for claiming refund of tax paid on inward supplies of goods or services or both under section 55 as two years from the last day of the quarter in which the said supply was received;

      (iii) extend the scope of withholding of or recovery from refunds in respect of all types of refund;

      (iv) provide clarity regarding the relevant date for filing refund claim in respect of supplies made to a Special Economic Zone developer or a Special Economic Zone unit by way of insertion of a new sub-clause (ba) in clause (2) of Explanation thereto.

      [112]

      15.

      Consequent to the amendment in section 38 of the CGST Act, sub-section (2) of section 168 of the CGST Act is being amended so as to remove reference to section 38 therefrom.

      [113]

      16.

      Notification No. 9/2018 – Central Tax, dated the 23rd January, 2018, is being amended so as to notify www.gst.gov.in, retrospectively, with effect from 22nd June, 2017, as the Common Goods and Services Tax Electronic Portal, for all functions provided under Central Goods and Services Tax  Rules, 2017, other than those provided for e-way bill and for generation of invoices under sub-rule (4) of rule 48 of the CGST Rules.

      [114]

      17.

      Notification No. 13/2017 – Central Tax, dated the 28th June, 2017, is being amended retrospectively, with effect from the 1st day of July, 2017, so as to notify rate of interest under subsection (3) of section 50 of the CGST Act as 18%.

      [115]

       

       


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      Budget 2022-23 + FINANCE Bill, 2022

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